Finding the Diamond in the Rough: NFL Draft

Spectroscopic Characterization of Mn2+-substituted cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)

A comparison of the distribution and concentration of antibiotics ?in two streams in Jefferson County, Alabama

Presenter(s):  Mackenzie McCravy, Sadie Wright, Kate Morgan
Mentor(s):  Drew Hataway, Brad Bennett
Session: 1
Poster #: A1 

Abstract: Antibiotic resistance remains a global threat to human health and the ability to combat infectious disease, and the even low antibiotic concentrations within surface water can threaten the ecosystem and cause the rise and spread of antibiotic-resistance genes. Sources of antibiotics within waterways include effluents of hospitals, wastewater treatment plants, and agricultural runoff, and there are often regional differences in waterway antibiotic concentrations. Often, regional differences translate to differences in antibiotic concentrations in different socioeconomic areas, magnifying the health disparities experienced by those disadvantaged populations. The present study quantified the amounts of seven common antibiotics in two different waterways in Jefferson County, Alabama: Five Mile Creek and Shades Creek. Samples from Five Mile Creek were taken both upstream and downstream of Five Mile Creek Wastewater Treatment Plant and were from an area of greater socioeconomic disadvantage. Samples from Shades Creek were from an area of lesser socioeconomic disadvantage. Compounds were isolated using solid phase extraction prior to liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis and were compared to control standards in DI water. Of the seven antibiotics that were screened for, five were detected in stream surface water of both waterways: Azithromycin, Amoxicillin, Doxycycline, Cephalexin, and Sulfamethoxazole from 0.5 ng/mL to 200 ng/mL. There was an increase in concentrations downstream of the wastewater treatment plant point source.

Immature acorns during drought have decreased germination as compared to mature acorns

Presenter(s):  Raney Collins, Grant Sides, Caroline Tapscott
Mentor(s): Malia Fincher
Session: 1
Poster #: B1

Abstract: Weevils in the genus Curculio lay eggs inside of acorns, eating the cotyledon and sometimes embryo of the acorn. They can kill the embryo, making the acorn unable to germinate, or they can reduce the nutrients stored in the seed, reducing the growth and survival of the seedling. Studies have shown that trees may detect infested acorns, and may respond by dropping infested acorns early in the fall, so that they can save resources for uninfested acorns. These trees may also drop acorns early or immature if they experience stress from drought or some other source. In fall 2023, the Birmingham area experienced a moderately severe drought during the fall acorn season. Presumably, acorns that were dropped early, whether because of drought or because they were inefested by weevils, will be smaller and may not have completed development. Therefore, they are less likely to germinate than mature acorns. We collected acorns from marked trees of 6 oak species from 6 sampling sites in Birmingham during fall 2023, and then measured the acorns as mature or immature before recording whether they were infested by weevils. We hypothesized that immature acorns across all species would be smaller and have lower germination rates than mature acorns. We have not completed data collection, but will use statistical tests to compare the mass and germination rates of mature and immature acorns. This may have implications for reproductive rates of oaks in the future in Alabama, since climate change models predict that drought will become more frequent.

A Mechanism for Doxycycline Resistance in a Probiotic

Presenter(s):  Drew Hataway, Brad Bennett
Mentor(s):  Ansley Applestone, Brooks Floyd
Session: 1
Poster #: C1 

Abstract:  Probiotics, live microbes in certain foods such as yogurts, interact in a mutualistic way with humans. Little is known of the effects associated with exposure of probiotics to sublethal concentrations of commonly prescribed antibiotics. We performed an adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) experiment to determine if the fitness of the probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum is altered by exposure to sublethal concentrations of doxycycline. Compared to controls, L. plantarum exposed to sub-lethal antibiotic levels showed an increase (~4-fold) in the inhibitory concentration, suggesting modest doxycycline resistance emerged over time. Fitness (the "strength" of resistance) appeared to plateau at ~1000 generations (5 months). When the selection pressure was removed (no doxycycline), resistance was lost rapidly, in ~100 generations, with fitness at 1200 generations being essentially the same between experimental and control cultures. This suggests that resistance, once acquired, is not fixed. The mechanism by which resistance is acquired and subsequently lost was investigated by whole genome sequencing (WGS). We found that column-based purification for genomic DNA extraction from L. plantarum samples produced purity necessary for WGS. Experimental sequences were compared to a reference L. plantarum genome. Analysis of the single nucleotide variants identified in the WGS of the generation 1000 doxycycline-treated cultures reveal 6 distinct variants. Two of these variants are in the rpsJ gene, which encodes ribosomal protein s10, a component of the 30S ribosomal subunit. This gene has been previously reported to harbor mutations associated with tetracycline resistance. Importantly, these variants are observed in neither the generation 1200 sequences nor in controls. Mapping the variants on the rpsj gene may provide greater insight into the molecular basis for doxycycline resistance observed in the ALE.

Germination is reduced in immature acorns

Presenter(s): Anna Caroline Flaming, Laney Parks, Bella Spry
Mentor(s): Malia Fincher
Session: 1
Poster #: D1 

Abstract: In Alabama, drought may become more frequent and severe under climate change predictions. In fact, Birmingham has experienced two notable droughts recently, in fall 2016 and fall 2023. These droughts affected oak reproduction, causing the trees to drop acorns immature and much smaller than in non-drought years. Acorn size predicts the germination of the acorn and the growth of the seedling, with larger acorns competing better than small ones. This is because the stored resources inside of the acorn are used to support the early growth of the seedling, and larger acorns contain more resources. We sampled acorns from 232 trees of 6 oak species (white oak, northern red oak, southern red oak, black oak, chestnut oak, and post oak) in fall 2023 and then germinated them in spring 2024. We hypothesized that immature acorns would have lower germination rates than mature acorns, so that germination of oaks will be decreased in fall 2023 because of the drought. We do not have our final data yet, but will use statistical analyses to compare germination across acorn sizes for 6 species of oak.

Larger acorns are more likely to be infested by weevils and less likely to germinate

Presenter(s):  Emma Downing, Emma Hamilton, Seth Hillis, Bekah Jackson, Sophia Waugh
Mentor(s): Malia Fincher
Session: 1
Poster #: E1

Abstract:  Oak acorns are often infested by weevil larvae, which consume the inside of the acorns, often killing the acorns or at least reducing their probability of germination. Female weevils lay eggs in the acorns in the spring, and the larvae eat the acorns as they develop throughout the summer and fall. There is significant debate in the literature about how weevils select acorns to infest, with some papers indicating that some weevils prefer larger acorns, or that larger weevil species need larger acorns to complete their development successfully. Other papers suggest that weevils have no preference for weevil size. Understanding these patterns are important, because weevil infestation strongly reduces acorn germination success. In order to clarify the association between acorn size and weevil infestation, we sampled acorns in fall 2023 from 6 oak species. In spring 2024, we measured the size and mass of these acorns and then germinated them in a greenhouse. We hypothesize that bigger acorns are more likely to be infested, which will decrease germination rates. We have not yet completed our data collection, but will be reporting the relationship between acorn mass, size, germination, and infestation rates. 

Larger acorns are infested by more weevils and have decreased germination

Presenter(s): Katie Campbell, Brooks Floyd, Agnes Moriarty
Mentor(s): Malia Fincher
Session: 1
Poster #: G1

Abstract:  Oak acorns are important food for a variety of wildlife, although this decreases the ability of the trees to successfully reproduce. One of the most important consumers of acorns is the acorn weevil, whose larvae feed on the inside of developing acorns. As a result, the acorns are damaged or killed. The literature suggests on the one hand that larger weevils may prefer larger acorns, and thus that larger acorns may be more damaged by weevil infestation. Also, larger acorns may attract higher numbers of weevil larvae per acorn (up to 6 or more), resulting in extensive damage. On the other hand, larger acorns may contain more stored nutrients and more volume, and therefore may be more likely to survive to germinate, even if they are infested by weevils. In order to determine whether larger size in weevil infested acorns leads to increased or decreased germination success, we sampled acorns from oak trees in the Birmingham area and germinated them in the greenhouse, after measuring their size. We hypothesized that the larger the acorn, the more weevils it will attract, and germination will decrease in acorns with more weevils. We have not yet completed data collection, but will report a completed experiment at the colloquia.

The Effects of Dietary Probiotic Implementation on Behavior and Aging of Drosophila Melanogaster

Presenter(s): Aubrey Pridemore, Nyah Brack
Mentor(s): Katelynn Corder
Session: 1
Poster #: H1

Abstract:  Modern research has grown more interested in the interactions between probiotics and aging, particularly in the areas of cellular and molecular biology. Drosophila melanogaster is an ideal organism for studying age related disease due to their shortened lifespan. To investigate the gut-brain connection and its impact on lifespan and cognitive ageing, we introduced probiotics into the Drosophila diet. By testing two different schedules of implementation, we also determined whether a delayed dietary implementation of probiotics differs in its impact from early implementation. Through a negative geotaxis assay, an aversive phototaxis assay and a lifespan assay, a baseline health span and lifespan for the flies is established between a control and probiotic diet. This data is preliminary and will provide foundational information for future studies on the effects of probiotics on aging in Drosophila melanogaster.

Germination is red oak species is greater than white oak species

Presenter(s): Isabelle Doce, Stephen Dusek, Johanna VanPelt
Mentor(s): Malia Fincher
Session: 1
Poster #: I2

Abstract: Oak species are diverse and are divided into two sections: the red oak section and the white oak section. The red oak section is characterized by pointed leaf lobes, higher concentrations of bitter, defensive tannins in the acorns, and germination of acorns in the spring. The white oak section is characterized by rounded leaf lobes, lower concentrations of tannins in the acorns, and germination in the fall, as soon as the acorns drop from the trees. Red oak acorns are often considered to be better defended against the animals that feed on acorns, including the specialized weevils that consume the insides of acorns as they develop. These weevils can kill the acorns that they infest, or they can reduce the germination success of acorns. There is some disagreement in the literature about whether red oaks have higher germination rates than white oaks, because while they may be better defended, they also have delayed germination, giving the weevils more months to feed on the inside of the acorn. In order to address the question of whether red oaks have higher germination rates than white oaks, we collected acorns from 6 species of oaks, 3 in the red oak section and 3 in the white oak section. We planted the acorns in a greenhouse and measured germination. We predicted that germination levels in Red Oaks will be higher than germination rates in white oaks. We have not completed data collection yet but will be analyzing germination success for each species.

Identification of sea turtle species utilizing tissues recovered and from predated nest at a novel nesting location

Presenter(s): Cole McGough
Mentor(s): Drew Hataway
Session: 2
Poster #: A1

Abstract:  Sea turtles return to the same nesting grounds each year but due to climate change and anthropogenic development are forced to find novel nesting sites. A depredated sea turtle nest was found at a previously unknown nesting site in Alabama in the summer of 2019. Based on the reproductive biology and natural history of turtle species inhabiting the region, this nest is most likely to have been one of three species known to inhabit the Northern Gulf of Mexico: Loggerhead, Kemp's Ridley, or Green. Predation left limited evidence: size/depth of the nest, number of eggs, and empty eggshells, that could determine turtle identification. Genomic DNA extraction from these eggshells returned low yields for multiple reasons including limited amounts of DNA found within eggshells as well as the storage conditions of samples prior to extraction. Isolation required use of liquid nitrogen and an extended incubation in lysis buffer to maximize yield. DNA was then amplified with a series of primer sets. Primers specific to Kemp's Ridley Sea turtle (Lepidochelys kempii, Garman 1880) provided species identification.

Longitudinal Study of Shades Creek Greenway Flora

Presenter(s): Donald Bradley
Mentor(s): Lawrence Davenport
Session: 2
Poster #: A5

Abstract:  The purpose of this research is to gather a database of plant specimens from Shades Creek Greenway in Homewood, Alabama to determine how the trail has and will change throughout the course of a year as well as for many years to come. Five unique sites were chosen to be analyzed both during fall 2023 and spring 2024, where the sites were examined for various flora to determine if similarities and differences arose in the collections. A variety of native, introduced, and invasive species were collected, including species that were new for Shades Creek, the Samford Herbarium, as well as Jefferson County. Species collected were pressed, identified, labeled, and mounted to be submitted to the Alabama Plant Atlas to be databased. While this project is in its beginning phase, it sets up the potential groundwork to allow for continued observation of the chosen sites as well as new sites that may be chosen along the trail. Continued work over a period of seasons surrounding the trail is desired as continued change can be monitored for years to come.

Chestnut oak acorns germinate more successfully in spite of greater weevil infestation

Presenter(s):  Ellen Reidinger, Andrew Bennett, Adam Boggs, Shannon Weems
Mentor(s): Malia Fincher
Session: 2
Poster #: B1

Abstract:  Oak tree acorns are often infested by small beetles called weevils, which consume the inside of acorns as they develop. This damages the acorns and often renders them unable to germinate. How weevils select acorns to infest is often unclear. Some literature has indicated that larger weevils need larger acorns to complete their development, and therefore may prefer oak species with larger acorns. Other studies show that acorn size does not affect weevil growth and that weevils do not necessarily prefer oak species with larger acorns. From the perspective of acorn germination, larger acorns are potentially better able to withstand weevil damage and still be able to germinate, as compared to small acorns. In a study taking place at 6 sites in the Birmingham, Alabama, area, we collected acorns from 6 species of oaks, measured the size and mass of the acorns, examined the acorns to determine if they were infested by weevils, and germinated them in soil. We hypothesized that Chestnut oak acorns, which are the largest species of acorn in the area, would have the highest percentage of germination out of the six oak species tested. We also hypothesized that chestnut oak species would have the highest number of acorns infested with weevils of all 6 species measured. We have not completed data collection yet, but will report the relative infestation and germination rate of chestnut oaks as compared to the other 5 species of oak, which have smaller acorns.

During drought, larger acorns are more likely to germinate successfully

Presenter(s): Ben Chandler, Virginnia Riggar, Emma Thompson
Mentor(s): Malia Fincher
Session: 2
Poster #: C1

Abstract:  Oak acorns vary widely in size, and this variation may be important for the germination success of seeds. Each acorn consists of the plant embryo and the stored seed reserved called the cotyledon. Larger acorns can store more nutrients for the growing plant, making it more likely that the seedling will be competitively successful. In fall 2023, the Birmingham area experienced a notable drought, which resulted in many acorns dropping from the trees immature or significantly smaller than in previous years. This drought-induced reduction in acorn size may decrease the germination success of acorns. In order to test whether larger acorns are more likely to germinate in a drought year, we collected over 8000 acorns from 232 trees of 6 oak species, subjected them to a simulated winter, and then measured the acorns before germinating them in soil in the greenhouse. We hypothesized that oak species with larger mature acorns will have greater germination rates than oak species with smaller mature acorns.We have not finished collecting data, but will use statistical tests to examine the effect of acorn size on germination for 6 species of acorns. This study can help to predict how acorn germination will be affected by drought in future years. Oaks are already struggling to reproduce across the eastern United States, and drought is predicted to become more frequent and severe in this region of Alabama.

More massive white oak acorns have higher germination rates

Presenter(s): Anna Dollar, Haley Fitzpatrick, Owen Hoffman, Jacob Justice
Mentor(s): Malia Fincher
Session: 2
Poster #: D1

Abstract: Because they are large and nutritious, acorns are a preferred winter food of many animals ranging from weevils to deer to squirrels. As a result, acorn survival is often low, sometimes less than 5% of acorns successfully germinating. But the trees are not defenseless. Masting is a pulsed reproductive strategy used by oak trees, where several years of low acorn production are followed by a large pulse of acorns produced in one year. It is hypothesized that after several small acorns crops, the population sizes of the animals that consume acorns will be reduced, after which the oak trees can produce a large crop of acorns, and they will have a good chance of surviving to germinate. Many oak species mast every 2 to 5 years. In fall 2023 in the Birmingham area, white oak appeared to be having a mast year, where a large crop of acorns would be produced. However, a moderately severe drought in the fall affected the last stages of acorn development, resulting in reduced acorn sizes. For a species devoting a large amount of resources to masting, the effects of drought may be particularly pronounced. After sampling acorns from 232 trees of 6 oak species in fall 2023, we observed that acorns were on average smaller than in previous years, but white oak (and only white oak) did indeed produce a pulse of acorns. In order to determine how producing a large number of acorns in a drought year affects germination success, we sampled acorns, measured their mass, and then germinated them in a greenhouse. We hypothesized that more massive white oak acorns will correspond with higher germination rates, while smaller acorns would have reduced germination success. We will analyze our data using statistical analyses to determine the relationship between white oak acorn size and germination.

Oak Acorns Germination Success Increases in Mast Years

Presenter(s):  Elise Brown, Kelsey Gayton, Sydney Glisson, Madison Winchester
Mentor(s): Malia Fincher
Session: 2
Poster #: E1 

Abstract:  Because many animals consume acorns, oak trees have evolved a strategy of pulsed reproduction called masting. A mast year is a year where a large number of acorns are produced, and those mast years usually follow several years of low acorn production. This allows the food supply for acorn-eating animals (known as seed predators) to be unpredictable, keeping the populations of those animals relatively small. During a mast year, more acorns are produced than the seed predators can consume, allowing the acorns to successfully germinate. This pattern is often cited in ecological theory, but the evidence supporting masting as a strategy for suppressing seed predator populations is limited. In order to test whether mast years are actually associated with more successful germination, we collected acorns from oak trees at 6 sites in the Birmingham area for 7 years. Some of those years are mast years and some are not. We hypothesize that the germination rate will be higher in masting years compared to the non-masting year White Oaks. We have not completed the germination experiment this spring, but we will be using statistical analyses to compare germination rates across 7 years of data.

Acorn germination varies among sites in the Birmingham area

Presenter(s):  Greta Liedtke, Grayson Wood, Jaylyn Webster, Hayden Ledford
Mentor(s): Malia Fincher
Session: 2
Poster #: G3 

Abstract:  Drought is predicted to intensify and become more frequent in central Alabama under many climate change models. Oak trees are already struggling to reproduce across much of the easter United States, and drought may intensify this problem. During a drought in the autumn when acorns are finishing their development, oak trees may become so water stressed that they are forced to drop their acorns early or smaller than usual in order to conserve resources. This is called early abscission of acorns. Smaller acorns and immature acorns are known to have reduced germination success. In order to determine how early abscission during a drought may impact acorns germination, we collected acorns during the fall drought of 2023 from 6 species of oak trees. We sampled at 6 sites in the Birmingham area, including Oak Mountain State Park, Moss Rock Preserve, Wildwood Preserve, The Homewood Forest Preserve, Red Mountain Park, and Samford University's campus. We measured the production of mature and immature acorns at each site, and then subsampled acorns to be germinated in the greenhouse. We hypothesized that acorn germination rates vary among six sites in the Birmingham area, with greater germination at sites with more mature acorns. We have not yet completed data collection but will have a full analysis to present at the colloquia.

Assessing the Financial Performance of the SEC

Women's gender stigma consciousness when communicating about NMR spectra

Presenter(s): Ally Parvin, Alex Browning
Mentor(s): Megan Connor
Session: 1
Poster #: B6

Abstract: Women must routinely conform to masculine behavioral norms to progress in chemistry, with the necessity of adopting such norms pushing them from the field. Advancing gender-based equity within chemistry will thus entail identifying these norms and redefining them to be inclusive of all individuals. To support these efforts, this study investigates whether engaging in a traditional versus identity-safe NMR communication task differentially impacts individuals' gender stigma consciousness, or the degree to which individuals are aware of stigma attached to their gender. Undergraduates (n = 543) enrolled in Organic Chemistry II at a large Southeastern university completed an online NMR communication task followed by a version of the Social Identities and Attitudes Scale (SIAS) modified for use in chemistry learning environments. Participants were randomly assigned to one of two prompt groups prior to task completion: one group was told the task evaluates their NMR communication ability, and the other group was told the task was non-evaluative and used to understand the different ways people may communicate. Results provide psychometric evidence of the modified SIAS's overall functionality and scalar-level invariance across prompt groups, providing support for its use in identifying potentially gender-exclusive chemistry practices. Further, women who were told the task evaluates NMR communication ability reported greater gender stigma consciousness on the SIAS compared to women who were told the task was non-evaluative, while there is no evidence of men scoring differently across prompts. Findings have implications for the design of equitable assessments for students of different genders and future research aimed at normalizing both masculine and feminine communication styles in chemistry.

Developing a methodology for the complete acid-digestion of ceramic samples collected from archaeological sites in northern Israel

Presenter(s): William Spanier, Samuel Kuykendall
Mentor(s):  Brian W. Gregory, James R. Strange
Session: 1
Poster #: C6 

Abstract:  The ancient village of Shikhin located in northern Israel's Galilee is thought to be a major pottery production center in the region, with excavation of the site yielding a tremendous amount of pottery fragments. Samford University's Departments of Biblical and Religious Studies and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry collaborated to analyze the elemental properties of the collected pottery fragments and trace their presence in other regions. To determine their elemental makeup, an Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emissions Spectrometer (ICP-OES) is being used to superheat and atomize the dissolved samples, emitting light. The ICP-OES collects the light data, which is used to determine the absolute amounts of elements present. To effectively use the ICP-OES, the collected samples must be completely dissolved. Our primary focus has been to develop a methodology that will completely dissolve the samples using strong acid solutions. We tested three acid-digestion techniques that offered mixed levels of success: 1) Using a HNO3, HCl, and HF solution (5:2:2) in a teflon bomb heated in a microwave oven for one long period, 2) Using a HNO3 and HF solution (3:2) in a teflon bomb heated in a microwave oven for a short period, then removed, and added H3BO3 to neutralize the HF and put back in the oven, 3) Using NH4HF2 crystals (2000 mg) and HNO3 (2 mL) in teflon vials heated on a hot plate, evaporated, then resolubilized and diluted in a nitric acid and water solution (2:98). Of the techniques tested, the second and third techniques each produced four viable samples that could be used to generate data from the ICP-OES. We only collected qualitative data using the ICP-OES with samples created from the third technique. However, this technique was more arduous than the second technique. Results from these methods will be discussed and used to further develop a digestion procedure to create optimal solutions for ICP-OES analysis.

Studying Regioselectivity of Co-Catalyzed Indenone Synthesis

Presenter(s): Haley Roberts
Mentor(s): Dale Wilger
Session: 2
Poster #: C5 

Abstract: Indenones are biologically active molecules that display antibiotic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and pain-relieving qualities. Their effects are determined by regioselectivity, which is the preference of bond formations in specific locations on a molecule. High regioselectivity is favored for reactions since only one indenone regioisomer normally possesses the desired biological and/or medicinal properties. Previous transition-metal-catalyzed indenone syntheses have suffered from low regioselectivity. Our group has recently developed a Ni-catalyzed indenone synthesis reaction with predictable and high regioselectivity. Past work has also expanded our understanding of alkyne migratory insertion, the regioselectivity-determining step for these reactions. Because cobalt is known to be an efficient catalyst for indenone synthesis, we hypothesized that reactions catalyzed by this metal would exhibit similar regioselective effects. After developing a Co-catalyzed indenone synthesis and analyzing the products, our group concluded that the regioselectivity of Co-catalyzed reactions followed the same trend as that of Ni-catalyzed reactions. Although, indenone synthesis with cobalt was inherently more regioselective, indicating that the regioselectivity was more dependent on the electronic properties of the ester starting material. This study demonstrates how subtle factors can impact alkyne migratory insertion and, ultimately, reaction regioselectivity. Furthermore, other transition-metal-catalyzed reactions should benefit from these observations since alkyne migratory insertion likely determines their regioselectivity.

Spectral characterization of Serratia marcescens tetrahydrodipicolinate N-succinyltransferase (DapD) in the presence of Cu2+

Presenter(s):  Benjamin Hayes, Mason Zuelzke, Jacob Pufall, Grace Wilson
Mentor(s):  Molly Lockart, PhD and Corey M. Johnson, PhD
Session: 2
Poster #:  D7

Abstract: Tetrahydrodipicolinate N-succinyltransferase (DapD) catalyzes the reaction of tetrahydrodipicolinate and succinyl-CoA to form (S)-2-(3-carboxypropanamido)-6-oxoheptanedioic acid and Coenzyme A. The enzyme is in the diaminopimelate-lysine biosynthesis pathway which produces two metabolites necessary for the survival and growth of pathogenic bacteria. It is therefore a potential target of antibiotic therapies. While the activity of DapD from E. coli is affected by metal ions, no definitive, spectroscopic characterization was reported, and mechanistic questions remain. Preliminary kinetic data suggest DapD from Serratia marcescens (SmDapD) is inhibited by micromolar concentrations of Cu2+. Correspondingly, internal tryptophan fluorescence of SmDapD is quenched in the presence of Cu2+. SmDapD Trp 143 is buried near the active site and adjacent to the site of succinyl transfer. Preliminary EPR spectra are also consistent with binding of Cu2+ to SmDapD.

Pioneering the Future of Digital Evangelism through Technology and Personalization

Presenter(s): Cooper Sullivan
Mentor(s): Brian Toone
Session: 1
Poster #: A3 

Abstract:  This project investigates the potential of Upperthought - a digital evangelism platform - to enhance user engagement and spiritual experiences by leveraging advanced user-experience design, artificial intelligence, and modern software engineering practices. Central to this investigation is the hypothesis that a technologically-sophisticated, personalized approach to digital evangelism can significantly improve users' spiritual engagement compared to traditional methods. Upperthought distinguishes itself through a design that prioritizes ease of use and engagement. It leverages AI to examine various aspects of user interaction to improve and tailor one's experiences. Analysis of user data, such as journal entries, allows for the customization of devotional content, aligning closely with the individual's spiritual path and needs. Anticipated research will involve a controlled study with participants before and after using Upperthought, measuring variables such as spiritual connection, frequency of engagement with religious content, and perceived relationship with God. This approach will reveal significant improvements in these areas, demonstrating Upperthought's efficacy in fostering a more profound, personal spiritual experience. The significance of Upperthought extends beyond mere user engagement; it aims to revolutionize how believers interact with their faith, making ancient scriptures accessible and relevant through personalized, engaging content. By applying the same principles that make social media platforms like TikTok addictive, Upperthought seeks to cultivate a deeply engaged and spiritually active user base. This approach combines contemporary design principles, psychological insights, and software engineering innovations to contribute to digital evangelism uniquely. Upperthought addresses the gap in personalized spiritual content and sets a new standard for integrating technology and faith.

Immersive Data: Exploring Virtual Reality's Impact on Baseball Analytics and Training

Presenter(s): Kyle Galloway, Jonah Rinehart, Christopher Berggren
Mentor(s): Greg Kawell
Session: 1
Poster #: B3 

Abstract:  Baseball is a sport deeply rooted in statistics and data analysis. We are embarking on a project to develop a Virtual Reality (VR) Pitching Simulator aimed at making these stats more tangible and interactive. Our main goal is to enhance the understanding and utilization of baseball data, particularly within college baseball organizations. We are curious to see how this VR simulator could benefit various roles in baseball, such as pitchers, coaches, and data analysts. Specifically, we want to know if immersing users in a VR environment can improve their understanding of baseball data and potentially enhance their performance on the field. Our project involves creating an app within the Unity Game engine that translates raw data into simulated pitches. This includes setting up databases for storing and retrieving pitches from previous games and practices. The app will feature a user-friendly interface with simple controls and realistic pitch simulations. To gather insights from potential users, we have initiated a survey to gauge their familiarity with baseball data. We plan to conduct user testing once the app is complete and follow up with surveys to track any improvements in user comprehension over time. While our app is still in development and we have not yet reached any conclusive findings, we believe that exploring the potential of VR in baseball training could revolutionize how the sport is approached and understood. In the broader context of computer science, our work aligns with the growing interest in utilizing VR technology for educational and training purposes. In summary, our research aims to investigate VR's effectiveness in enhancing baseball data understanding and performance, with potential implications for sports training and technology development in computer science.

A study on the impact of a user-friendly app on socioeconomic groups' dietary choices

Presenter(s): Lily Bouldin
Mentor(s): Brian Toone
Session: 1
Poster #: C3 

Abstract:  This research investigates the impact food literacy has on communities and their dietary choices. This study will look specifically at communities of lower socioeconomic class and those that have limited knowledge of the health and environmental impact of their food. The study will explore if a user-friendly app that guides consumers through the grocery store aisles to make food choices will drive consumers to make better choices for their health and environment. Once I have a fully functioning app, I will conduct research with three groups. One group that has high socioeconomic status will have access to the app and grocery shop as usual for a 10-day period. I will track the trends with this group and see if their shopping habits change or stay the same. The next group will be of medium - low socioeconomic class and will have access to the app for the same amount of time, I will log these trends. Lastly, there will be a control group that will grocery shop as usual without the app in both the high and low socioeconomic classes and I will track and log the trends after 10 days. I will expect the study participants to record their grocery store purchases and their prices. From this recorded data, I will be able to understand if quality food and sourcing literacy will impact consumers' shopping habits. This also begs the question; will people be willing to sacrifice spending more money if it's on properly sourced food? Our eating and shopping habits can greatly impact our Earth and personhood, it is vital that everyone is properly educated on traceability, regulations, and what the labels on our food really mean.

Innovating Multi-Factor Authentication Testing for Enhanced Security

Presenter(s): Emily Rouse
Mentor(s):  Scott Crews, Greg Kawell
Session: 1
Poster #: D3 

Abstract:  Multi-factor authentication is important to use in businesses and companies to protect the users' data. Multi-factor authentication ensures that a hacker can't login to a user's account without having the user authorize the login. The problem that companies face when it comes to multi-factor authentication and hackers is that their users may still authorize a login that the user themselves did not perform. This allows the hackers to get into the user's account, and ultimately get into the companies' network. This research aims to create a method for measuring the effectiveness of multi-factor authentication implementations by allowing administrators to create realistic tests that record and measure user responses. The users would be selected at random by the program itself, and the program would be able to send out pushes to a selected number of users. This program can be used by any company that uses DUO for their multi-factor authentication. After performing initial research, there currently isn't anything quite like this project aims to create. A person can manually send pushes to another's device, but it will not look authentic, nor will it be able to automatically track the responses itself. This program aims to replicate a realistic push and track the user response as soon as it has been submitted. By using python and DUO's authentication API, this research aims to create a basic tool that can create realistic test alerts, test DUO end user behaviors, and show a tracker of the results. This program would be beneficial seeing as it can show organizations when multi-factor authentication is working as intended and can identify when further education may be needed. While this research only supports companies and businesses that use DUO, it can be built upon to apply to other multi-factor authentication providers. The project can also be expanded upon to improve the functionality and make it even easier for testing by the DUO administrators.

AI at a Crossroads: Weaponizing Large Language Models through Prompt Engineering

Presenter(s): Will Johnson
Mentor(s): Scott Crews
Session: 1
Poster #: J2 

Abstract:  Last year ChatGPT became the fastest growing consumer application in history when it reached 100 million monthly active users after only two months, over four times faster than TikTok. Although still in its infancy, Artificial Intelligence and the Large Language Models (LLMs) that utilize it, like OpenAI's ChatGPT and Google's Gemini, can be surprisingly powerful and useful. The field has seen rapid growth and innovation recently with both companies and individuals developing closed and open source models. However, as with any technology at the cutting edge, AI is at a crossroads. This explosion in capability can be applied to various fields like science, writing, and programming, but it is accompanied by a great risk for bad actors to exploit these systems for criminal activity and personal financial gain. Most LLMs have robust safeguards in place to prevent this type of output, but they are not perfect and can be bypassed with a practice called prompt engineering (PE). PE is an iterative process with the goal of directing an LLM into producing a desired output. This research focuses on the feasibility of using publicly available AI models to write malicious code and create novel ideas for criminal use. With counsel from the Birmingham FBI office, this project tests the limits of multiple LLMs via innovative PE methods to create user queries that bypass these safeguards. By combining techniques such as goal hijacking, payload splitting, and special encoding with CVEs and other attack vector documentation, this research concludes that LLMs are capable of overriding their safeguards and generating code that relatively low-skill adversaries could obtain and use to attack vulnerable systems. Future work on this topic could include more rigorous exploit code refinement and validation.

A Comparison of On-Policy and Off-Policy Reinforcement Learning Performance in Strategy Board Games

Presenter(s): Joey Tarnowski
Mentor(s): Brian Toone
Session: 2
Poster #: C7

Abstract:  Reinforcement Learning (RL), which simulates repeated attempts of a task and "learns" based on rewards/punishments received in each attempt, is a widely used technique within AI to find efficient strategies in competitive or problem-solving environments. One major divide in RL is the use of "off-policy" vs. "on-policy" algorithms. In "off-policy" algorithms, determination of how the RL "agent" will act (the "behavior policy") is updated separately from the strategy the RL agent learns and refines over time (the "target policy"), while in "on-policy" algorithms, the behavior and target policies are kept and updated as one single policy. The tradeoffs between these two paradigms, such as the typically lower computational requirements of on-policy compared to the flexibility and sample efficiency of off-policy, is the subject of this research. To explore these tradeoffs and determine in which environments on-policy or off-policy algorithms performed better, 2 on-policy and 2 off-policy "agents" were trained in several 2-player board games of varying complexity (such as tic-tac-toe and checkers). At regular intervals within the agents' training, each agent's performance against an opponent making random moves and an opponent making optimal moves were recorded. The time spent training each agent was also recorded as a baseline for the computational resources needed per agent. Early results have indicated that while there is an increase in the amount of time needed to train off-policy agents, those agents also tend to yield lower rates of losses while arriving at more optimal policies in a lower amount of training games. This research and further work can illustrate the importance of factoring in the balance between lower training time and more accurate solutions when selecting appropriate RL algorithms, especially as the complexity of a task or environment increases.

Unveiling Business Email Compromises: Trends, Threats, and Safeguard Strategies for a Cyber-Resilient Future

Presenter(s): Camden Gammicchia
Mentor(s):  Scott Crews, Greg Kawell
Session: 2
Poster #: G1 

Abstract:  With the ever-increasing dependence on email to facilitate business-to-business communication, Business Email Compromises (BECs) have emerged as a major threat targeting organizations of all sizes and industries. Looking across different datasets from various sources, including incident reports, data analysis agencies, and cybersecurity companies, while BEC attack information is often documented on a case-by-case basis, currently limited analysis exists to identify common themes. This study analyzes evidence of the trends and variations of BEC attacks with the goal of proposing safeguards for organizations that could soon find themselves under attack. Through industry reports and data analysis, this research seeks to identify attacker patterns and victim weaknesses in BEC incidents, while bringing to light the targeted hotspots and vulnerable regions within the United States. By researching factors such as industry sectors, company sizes, and common attack strategies, this study is aimed to provide knowledge and understanding revolving around the importance of BEC awareness and cyber actors through BEC attacks. Looking deeper, this research explores the effectiveness of existing cybersecurity strategies in place by organizations across different regions. By comparing incident responses, cybersecurity protocols, and awareness programs, the study seeks to discern best practices that contribute to resilience against BEC attacks, along with which industries and sizes of companies are most at risk. The findings of this research not only contribute to the general public knowledge of BECs but also offer insights for new policy standards, awareness of cyber actors, and businesses enhancements into their cybersecurity presence. By gathering a deeper understanding of BEC presence across the United States, this study aims to join efforts towards eliminating the risk of cyber threats and safeguarding critical assets in an increasingly interconnected digital landscape.

Baseball Simulation in Virtual Reality

Presenter(s): C. John Paul Garcia
Mentor(s): Greg Kawell
Session: 2
Poster #: H2

Abstract: This article describes the process and results of visualizing a baseball pitch's trajectory using common data points recorded by a tracking system, for use in coaching baseball players. Positional baseball data was gathered by a Trackman radar unit during a game or practice session, which automatically fits it to a parabola (aka the ball's trajectory line) and calculates common factors of the ball's movement. Using well-established kinematic equations, we create a mathematical model of the ball and simulate each factor's effect on the ball's trajectory. These factors are then used to quickly generate a new parabolic line in virtual reality, using the Unity game engine, with clear visual indicators of how each factor affected the line's direction. During this process, when the mathematical model was created and the data from Trackman properly defined, the results of the model closely aligned to the real recorded data within an acceptable margin of error. Forces in each direction of the ball can easily be calculated, and the spin rate of the ball can be approximated. This is significant because baseball coaches can now change tangible pitch data, such as release point, speed, and spin rate, and realistically visualize the ball's subsequent change in direction. This could potentially lead to a new way of coaching pitchers to make quantitative changes to their style, without relying on fickle statistics or ruining a pitcher's "feel" of the ball by getting too technical. Additional research is currently being undertaken by other members of the team, to see if this new visual fidelity to real-life truly benefits coaches and trainers.

Innovative Mobile Application Design for Speech Disorders: An Investigation into Engagement and Therapeutic Outcomes

Presenter(s): Logan May
Mentor(s): Greg Kawell, David Luginbuhl
Session: 2
Poster #: J1 

Abstract:  This research project introduces an innovative mobile application designed for adolescents and adults with speech disorders, particularly focusing on stutterers. In contrast to existing child-centric applications, my approach aims to deliver an intuitive design for an application tailored to the unique needs of older users who may not have received help earlier in life. The study investigates the potential impact of this design on engagement and therapeutic outcomes. Although the research is in its early stages, I hypothesize that such an application would enhance user engagement and contribute to more effective therapeutic outcomes. The methodology involves a survey where participants view and assess the prospective application interface, providing valuable feedback on its utility and potential as an improved solution compared to traditional therapy methods. This research seeks to create a space in speech therapy applications that offers age-appropriate treatments, providing a promising avenue for individuals with speech disorders to improve their speaking skills independently.

The Most Dangerous Game: The Effects and Ethics of True Crime Dramatizations

Presenter(s): Courtney Robeson
Mentor(s): Danielle Deavours
Session: 2
Poster #: B7 

Abstract:  This study focused on true crime dramatizations and the ways they portray fictionalized versions of real cases. The literature until now has primarily focused on the true crime genre as a whole, including documentaries and podcasts. This study hoped to begin a discussion surrounding media that has adapted these cases for the purposes of entertainment. Media chosen for this study depicted the crimes of serial killers. The researchers used textual analysis to find common themes and trends within these films and television series, specifically how killers, victims, and law enforcement were portrayed, how much gore and violence was shown, and the accuracy of the film or television series to the real case. These observations revealed that over half of our media depicted law enforcement negatively and killers positively, while only one film portrayed the victims inaccurately. Only one piece of media in the study never showed violence connected to a true case. Three pieces of media were considered very accurate, one changed some facts for entertainment, and one completely altered the case and the crimes committed.

Evidenced-Based Systematic Review of Parent Perceptions of Early Intervention for Minimally Verbal Autistic Children

Presenter(s): Caitlin Lewis, Adeline Baldwin, Meredith Nichols, Lydia Pridemore, Virginia Puckett
Mentor(s): Angie Barber
Session: 1
Poster #: D5 

Abstract:  Background: Thirty percent of autistic individuals remain minimally verbal (Maeneer et al., 2023). Family-mediated interventions increase access to communication between the child and family, however little is known about caregivers' perspectives and experiences in early intervention when their child is minimally verbal. Research objective: To conduct an evidence-based systematic review to explore the caregiver-perceived effects of early intervention on minimally verbal autistic children and explore therapeutic variables that contribute to caregiver confidence in implementing strategies. Methods: The systematic review was conducted using the PRISMA model (Page et al., 2021). Seven search engines were used, and 59 articles were fully reviewed, and 17 articles were further analyzed. Inclusion criteria included that articles were peer-reviewed, intervention was delivered through a state-funded early intervention system, the child was diagnosed with autism and spoke fewer than 20 words, and articles included parent feedback. Results: Initial analysis revealed that caregivers respond positively to participating in their child's intervention services, and they desire information to help them understand their child's specific needs (Coogle et al., 2013). Parents reported lower stress levels and greater confidence in communicating with their minimally verbal children following early intervention (Garnett et al., 2022). Additional patterns found across the 17 articles will be presented. Findings contribute to our understanding that caregivers are empowered through learning strategies to help communicate with their child. Importance/implications: This review highlighted the need for caregivers to be educated on early communication skills specifically targeting communication with their minimally verbal autistic children.

Faculty vocal health screening: Results from a teaching-heavy institution

Presenter(s): Grace Belcher, Macey Lundstrom
Mentor(s): Kelly Jackson, Sarah Szynkiewicz
Session: 2
Poster #: D5

Abstract:  University faculty spend extended periods of time speaking in- and outside of the classroom. Voice fatigue or dysfunction can prompt teaching interruptions and even canceled classes. Although faculty are considered professional voice users, limited data exist about voice disorders for this population. In a 2022 survey, nearly a quarter of the University of Nebraska faculty reported at least one consistent symptom of a voice disorder. More research is needed regarding voice health for teachers at the university level to identify prevalence of voice disorders and address faculty needs. Our IRB-approved study aims to 1) determine characteristics related to voice self-perception and use among faculty at Samford University and 2) complete faculty evaluation of an inaugural voice health screening program. For Aim 1, a survey was sent to all Samford University faculty. Fifty-eight faculty completed the survey. Almost 35% of respondents reported voice concerns at least 3 times in the past year, while 90.6% reported no prior voice training. For Aim 2, 18 respondents participated in voice health screens conducted with an instrumental tool by two licensed and certified speech-language pathologists. The average score on the Voice Handicap Index was 55, suggesting most participants perceived a moderate impact of their voice on quality of life. Results from a paired t-test and a related-samples Wilcoxon signed rank test, respectively, show that faculty gained confidence in their knowledge about vocal hygiene (p = <.001; 430% change pre/post) and displayed increased motivation to implement a healthy voice routine (p = <.001; 24% change pre/post) following education. Collectively, results addressing both aims show a high rate of faculty experiencing self-reported voice issues and the potential benefit of education for voice health at a university-wide level. This study will contribute to sparse existing data to promote voice health practices of university faculty.

Economic Variables and Life Satisfaction: Can Money Buy Happiness?

Presenter(s): David Sputh
Mentor(s): Art Carden, Joy Buchanan
Session: 1
Poster #: A8 

Abstract: This project seeks to answer the age-old question: Can money "buy" happiness? I seek to find a correlation between a country's GDP and the reported happiness levels and life satisfaction of the inhabitants of the countries. I start with a historical study of what it means to be happy and flourish, drawing from the intellectual tradition of philosophers, ending with modern interpretations and measurements of happiness. I find by using an OLS regression that my preliminary results end up showing a positive correlation between reported happiness and an increase in GDP per capita of $10,000. I also measure happiness as compared to employment status/hours worked, which suggests that overworking can lead to more unhappiness. For economics, the work can reveal much about peoples' incentives to work, how we can better help those who are poorer or less happy, and finally, how both happiness and income interact with each other, if at all. From a human development perspective, this research can show how society can better be structured to promote more general welfare. Existing studies study the relationship between income and happiness, and my research seems to fit into their findings well, while still revealing additional findings that contribute to the overall field of Economics. Many of the studies surrounding economic growth focus only on how the growth happened, or the rapid decrease in poverty worldwide. However, not much has been said about the correlation between this rapid GDP increase and how it affects the happiness or life satisfaction of the individuals. I use international data collected from several reputable sources in order to conduct my research, as well as historical analysis collected from philosophers regarding their views of happiness. I use OLS regressions to seek to establish a correlation between measurements of life satisfaction and variables such as working hours and GDP per capita, although no causation can be attributed.

Analyzing the Drivers of Intergenerational Economic Mobility: A Comparative Study between Latin America and the United States

Presenter(s): Luna Mora
Mentor(s): Howard Finch, Kevin Pan
Session: 1
Poster #: B8

Abstract: This paper seeks to undertake a comparative analysis of intergenerational economic mobility, drawing distinctions and similarities between the United States and Latin America. The overarching goal is to discern significant variables that influence an individual's capacity to ascend the socioeconomic ladder and examine the consistency of these influences between Latin America and the United States. This investigation identifies a niche in the field of international economic studies by utilizing longitudinal data to assess differences in the intergenerational economic mobility of the western hemisphere. Furthermore, the current literature does not compare the U.S. and Latin America. Based on the existing research on intergenerational economic mobility, this research analyzes education, race, gender, and family structure as variables that could influence mobility. Embarking on a longitudinal analysis of two datasets, one Latin American and one United States, and using regression analysis to test for the varying weights of influence that each variable has on the economic mobility of the regions, this investigation has powerful implications. It informs policy makers in the U.S. and Latin America; international aid and policy efforts; and sociological and economic understanding of the inhibitors of economic growth in the two world regions. Overall, the analysis suggests that all the variables are significant determinants of mobility in both regions except for race, which is only a determinant in the United States. Parental education is positively correlated with respondents' income levels and proves to be one of the most significant determinants. The results shed light on policy to best target inequality between and within Latin America and the United States.

Investigating the intersection of Religious Free-Exercise Protections and Crime Rates: An Empirical Analysis

Presenter(s): Kaki Burleson
Mentor(s): Stephen Hill
Session: 2
Poster #: A2

Abstract:  This study investigates the relationship between religious free-exercise protections and crime rates across the United States. The aim is to determine whether there is a positive or negative correlation between states with more protections and different measures of crime statistics. The primary dataset, Religious Liberty in the States (RLS), provides cross-sectional data that measures the recognition of exercise protections in each state. The dataset identifies 34 different religious protections and denotes whether each state recognizes that protection. The second dataset, compiled by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, includes three measures of violent crime and four measures of property crime. To determine this correlation, I constructed several Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression models, each with a different crime measure as the variable of interest. Several control variables are included to isolate the correlation between free-exercise protections and crime. Based on the results, I found that various protections showed statistically significant results, especially those that related to healthcare provisions. Whether these protections were positively or negatively correlated with the crime statistics varied depending on the specific type of protection examined. These findings highlight the need for further investigation into the nuanced effects of different types of legal protections on societal outcomes. Further research in this area could explore the mechanisms underlying these associations and inform policy decisions aimed at balancing religious liberties with public safety concerns.

Using Multisensory Strategies to Improve Students' Prosody while Reading Grade Level Texts

Presenter(s): Margaret Ann Sanders
Mentor(s):  Tarsha Shepard, Kate Scarborough
Session: 1
Poster #: C8 

Abstract: The focus of the current action research project was to investigate the most effective research-based instructional strategies to improve students' prosody while reading grade level texts. Three 5th grade students were identified by the classroom teacher mentor as struggling readers with IEP goals related to fluency, specifically needing support in the area of prosody. This project was implemented over eight instructional sessions during a semester long field experience. Following a review of literature on reading development, the teacher candidate implemented multisensory strategies to improve students' prosody. The goal was to have an increase in students' correct use of punctuation, expression and volume, and pace while reading grade level passages. Multisensory strategies used included highlighting punctation, echo reading, and partner reading oral passages. A reading interest survey and pre, midpoint and post assessment of timed oral passages were utilized to collect data and monitor progress. While the results varied between students, all three students showed an increase in at least one of the measured areas from pre assessment to midpoint and from midpoint to post assessment. The current results suggest that using specific multisensory strategies is an effective teaching practice for improving students' prosody while reading grade level passages. This research is important to the field of education as it informs the use of multisensory strategies while teaching the Science of Reading.

Using Multisensory Strategies to Improve Phoneme Segmentation

Presenter(s): Marigrace Dunn
Mentor(s):  Tarsha Shepard, Kate Scarborough
Session: 1
Poster #: D8

Abstract: This paper seeks to undertake a comparative analysis of intergenerational economic mobility, drawing distinctions and similarities between the United States and Latin America. The overarching goal is to discern significant variables that influence an individual's capacity to ascend the socioeconomic ladder and examine the consistency of these influences between Latin America and the United States. This investigation identifies a niche in the field of international economic studies by utilizing longitudinal data to assess differences in the intergenerational economic mobility of the western hemisphere. Furthermore, the current literature does not compare the U.S. and Latin America. Based on the existing research on intergenerational economic mobility, this research analyzes education, race, gender, and family structure as variables that could influence mobility. Embarking on a longitudinal analysis of two datasets, one Latin American and one United States, and using regression analysis to test for the varying weights of influence that each variable has on the economic mobility of the regions, this investigation has powerful implications. It informs policy makers in the U.S. and Latin America; international aid and policy efforts; and sociological and economic understanding of the inhibitors of economic growth in the two world regions. Overall, the analysis suggests that all the variables are significant determinants of mobility in both regions except for race, which is only a determinant in the United States. Parental education is positively correlated with respondents' income levels and proves to be one of the most significant determinants. The results shed light on policy to best target inequality between and within Latin America and the United States.

Using Multisensory Strategies to Improve Blending Phonemes

Presenter(s): Lindsey Brewer
Mentor(s):  Tarsha Shepard, Kate Scarborough
Session: 2
Poster #: B2

Abstract:  The focus of the current action research project was to investigate the most effective research-based instructional strategies to build students' decoding and phoneme blending skills. Two students in fourth grade were identified by the classroom teacher mentor as needing intervention in the area of phoneme blending when decoding three-phoneme words. This project was implemented over eight instructional sessions during a semester long field experience. Following a review of literature on reading development, the teacher candidate implemented multisensory strategies, specifically the usage of Elkonin boxes and the "tap it, map it, and zap it" strategy, to improve phoneme blending and decoding skills. The goal was for students to gain confidence and accuracy in decoding consonant vowel consonant (CVC) words and apply these skills to more challenging words, such as consonant vowel consonant consonant or consonant consonant vowel consonant (CVCC/CCVC). A reading interest survey and pre, midpoint, and post assessment were utilized to collect data and monitor progress. The LETRS Phonics and Reading Word Survey and phoneme assessment were used to analyze students' word accuracy and phoneme accuracy when decoding. Students showed varied findings in word accuracy from pre to post assessment, however, both students increased their phoneme accuracy when decoding by 37-40% on the phoneme assessment. The current results suggest that using specific multisensory strategies is an effective teaching practice for building students' phoneme blending and word attacking skills. Next steps in this research include comparing the usage of the chosen multisensory strategies, Elkonin boxes and the "tap it, map it, and zap it" strategy, to other multisensory strategies and their effectiveness. This research is important to the field of education as it informs the use of multisensory strategies while teaching the Science of Reading.

Using Multisensory Strategies to Improve Students' Reading Fluency while Reading Narratives

Presenter(s): Luci Sobanski
Mentor(s):  Tarsha Shepard, Kate Scarborough
Session: 2
Poster #: C2

Abstract:  The focus of the current action research project was to investigate the most effective research-based instructional strategies for helping 3rd grade students improve their reading fluency rate for narrative texts. Three third grade students were identified by the classroom teacher mentor as needing improvement in reading fluency and improving their words per minute while reading narrative texts. This project was implemented over eight instructional sessions during a semester long field experience. Following a review of literature on reading development, the teacher candidate implemented multisensory strategies to improve students' reading fluency during a one-minute cold read. The goal was for students to improve their reading fluency while reading for one minute. A reading interest survey and pre, midpoint and post Oral Reading Fluency assessment were utilized to collect data and monitor progress. Students showed growth from pre assessment to midpoint and from midpoint to post assessment. The current results suggest that using specific multisensory strategies is an effective teaching practice for improving students reading fluency rate. From this research, I would continue implementing multisensory strategies to help students improve their rate of reading. I would like to implement another type of strategy to help students and see if we could get more growth over time. This research is important to the field of education as it informs the use of multisensory strategies while teaching the Science of Reading.

Who's who: Which birds are more likely to be admitted to an avian rehabilitation center in north-central Alabama?

Presenter(s):  John Matthew Erickson
Mentor(s): Kristin Bakkegard
Session: 2
Poster #: A4 

Abstract:  Global bird populations are declining. Thus, it is important to understand if some orders of birds are more at risk than others. Often development can cause undesired effects on avian populations due to a variety of causes. A resource to combat declines are wildlife rehabilitation centers. The Alabama Wildlife Center (AWC) is a wildlife rehabilitation center located in Shelby County, AL primarily serving the north and central counties of Alabama. They specialize in the rehabilitation of injured and orphaned birds. To assess whether some orders of birds are more likely to require care at the AWC than others, we compared AWC's intake data (which also included cause of injury if known) to Alabama Audubon's spring and fall bird count data for the years 2013-2021. Our null hypothesis was that the proportions of birds (by order) entering AWC for care should reflect the proportions of those birds (by order) observed in the wild during the bird counts. We found that this was not the case; certain orders are at greater risk than others in north and central Alabama. Of the 21 orders of birds in our data set, Accipitriformes (hawks) and Strigiformes (owls) were the most at-risk orders, with more of them taken to the AWC than their proportions in the bird counts. The leading cause of injury to birds in the Accipitriformes and Strigiformes were vehicle collisions. In contrast, Apodiformes (hummingbird and swifts) and Passeriformes (perching birds) had fewer admittances than their proportion in the counts. Understanding which and why specific orders of birds are sent to wildlife rehabilitation centers is important not just for rehabilitators, but also for designers, planners, and engineers to develop systems and structures that can reduce the risk of harm to birds.

Effects of Ingested Colored Solution on Self-paced Running Performance

Presenter(s): Taylor Cochran, Madeleine Smith
Mentor(s):  John Petrella, Mallory Marshall
Session: 1
Poster #: A2 

Abstract:  The effect of mouth rinsing during endurance exercise has been studied and research supports that a carbohydrate mouth rinse increases self-paced performance in endurance athletes. However, many of these studies do not consider the solution's color as a variable to exercise performance without a sweetened taste. Thus the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of ingestion of a colored solution (pink, brown, and control) on self-selected running speed and distance traveled in healthy, habitually active college-age males and females. Participants visited the laboratory on three occasions and were told that the purpose of the study was to investigate hydration levels; thus, they provided a urine sample for evaluation of hydration level at the beginning of each visit to reinforce the blinding to the true purpose of the study. Participants then performed a 2-min warm-up at self-selected speed on the Woodway Curve 3.0 treadmill, which allows the user to control the speed of the belt. After the warm-up, participants were given 2 minutes to consume an 8 ounce bottle of the colored water and were then instructed to cover as much ground as possible during a 10-min run; order of trials (pink, brown, clear) was counterbalanced. At the 5-min mark, participants straddled the treadmill belt and consumed another 8 ounces of colored liquid and then completed the trial. Total distance covered, average speed, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded, and visual analog scales were used to assess feelings of thirst, pleasure, and enjoyment. One way ANOVA was used to compare the three trials, with a=0.05. There were no significant differences among groups for total distance covered, average speed, or RPE (p<0.05). Likewise, there were no differences in perceived enjoyment, pleasure, or thirst (p<0.05). These data indicate that consumption of colored fluid does not impact running performance or perception of performance in recreationally active, college-age adults.

Sour Taste Effect on Anaerobic Exercise Performance: Heart Rate, Mean Power Output, Perceived Exertion, Fatigue Index

Presenter(s): Jaren Dildine
Mentor(s): John Petrella
Session: 1
Poster #: B2 

Abstract:  The human taste receptors can detect five types of taste: sweet, salty, umami, bitter, and sour. These tastes have been known to influence physiological and psychological processes. Previous research conducted has shown a link between exercise performance and the ingestion or swishing of bitter and sweet liquids. Some studies have made connections between the sour taste receptors on the tongue and increased heart rate and muscular stimulation; however no study has connected oral stimulation from sour taste and exercise performance. More recent studies following the discovery of the sour taste receptor have shown an increase in heart rate after swishing sour substances, and a cascade of neural pathways that increase vasodilation, release of catecholamines, release of nitric oxide, and increased blood pressure - all positive components of exercise. In relation to these studies, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of swishing various concentrations of a sour solution on anaerobic power performance. Physically active males (n=10) participated in three counterbalanced WaNT sprint trials each under varying conditions: 0.035 M, 0.008 M, and distilled water. Each visit consisted of a five minute paced warm-up, 3x15 second WaNT, two minutes rest between reps, and swishing a sour solution prior to each rep. The results of this study showed that there was no significance found in mean power output, rate of perceived exertion, heart rate, or maximum power output between the high, low, and control solutions.

Effect of a Four-week Intervention Using Baby Carrots or Multivitamin Supplements on Skin Carotenoid Scores in Young Adults

Presenter(s):  Mary Harper Simmons, Chloe E. Johnson, Tess V. McNeal, Laura Grace Presley
Mentor(s):  Suresh T. Mathews
Session: 1
Poster #: C2 

Abstract: Background and objectives: Only 9% of American adults meet the recommended daily intake of 2.5 cups of vegetables. Serum carotenoids are an established blood biomarker of fruit and vegetable intake, with high serum carotenoid levels reflecting high fruit and vegetable intake. The goal of this study was to evaluate skin carotenoid accumulation, using VeggieMeter, a validated spectroscopy-based non-invasive device, in young adults receiving provitamin A carotenoids from baby carrots and/or a multivitamin-multimineral (MVMM) supplement. Methods: Sixty young adults were randomly assigned to experimental groups receiving either a 4-week intervention of baby carrots (BC, 100 g/day, 3 days/week), or a multivitamin-multimineral supplement (MVMM; 5 days/week), or a combination of baby carrots and MVMM (BC+MVMM), or a control group that received 100 g Granny Smith apple slices/day, 3 days/week. Interventional groups received comparable amounts of provitamin A carotenoids from baby carrots or MVMM supplement (2,250 mcg RAE/week) except BC+ MVMM group (4,755 mcg RAE/week). Results: Following the 4-week intervention, skin carotenoid scores (pre-intervention: 232.2 + 49.1, post-intervention: 257.2 + 47.2, p < 0.05) were significantly increased by 10.8% in individuals in the BC group and by 21.6% in the BC+MVMM group (pre-intervention: 228.2 + 58.9, post-intervention: 277.5 + 72.3, p < 0.001). Skin carotenoid accumulation was not changed in either the control group or the MVMM group. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that increasing carotenoid intake in the diet through baby carrots increases skin carotenoid accumulation in young adults. Additionally, a carotenoid-rich diet in combination with a beta-carotene containing MVMM supplement had an interactive effect on skin carotenoid accumulation. These findings indicate that small, manageable changes to the diet can increase skin carotenoid accumulation in young adults.

Effect of Soft Music Versus Loud Music on Fine Motor Skill Speed and Accuracy?

Presenter(s):  Harper Kinsey, Brooke Rhyne
Mentor(s):  Mallory Marshall, John Petrella
Session: 1
Poster #: D2 

Abstract: Background: Music tempo, genres, and lyrics have been shown to have different effects on fine motor skill performance, but how music volume affects fine motor speed and accuracy remains unknown. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine whether loud or soft music has an effect on speed and accuracy of fine motor skill performance. Methods: 18–24-year-old college students (n=26) were recruited for this study. Participants were free of hearing difficulties such as requiring hearing aids or cochlear implants. In a counterbalanced, within study design, subjects volunteered to participate in one visit where they engaged in four fine motor skill tasks: typing, playing the game Operation, completing a Rubik's connector snake design, and stacking Dominoes. The participant completed each fine motor skill task three times, once with loud music (85 decibels), soft music (65 decibels), and no music. The order of both the tests and the music volume were randomized. Results: Results revealed that although there were subtle differences between music volumes, no data proved to be significant. Typing accuracy (p=0.98), typing words per minute (p=0.898), Operation time (p=0.685), number of successful Operations (p=0.794), Rubik's Connector Snake time (p=0.647), and the number of successfully stacked dominoes (p=0.672) all were not affected by music volume. Conclusion: Results indicate that listening to various music volumes does not affect fine motor skill performance.

Effect of Type of Rest Interval on Change of Direction and Agility

Presenter(s):  Lindsey Brewer, Julia Cox, Abby Ferguson
Mentor(s):  Courteney Benjamin, Mallory Marshall
Session: 1
Poster #: E2

Abstract: In team sports, it is common for teams to warm up together before competition, but those athletes who do not compete within the first minutes of the competition often sit for extended periods of time before entering the game. Evidence suggests that athletic performance begins to decline after 20 minutes of seated rest, but whether these effects can be attenuated by standing or other types of physical activities is not well understood. The purpose of this study was to compare effects of seated, standing, and re-warm up rest intervals on agility, reaction time, and ear temperature in recreationally active college-age females. College-age females who self-reported participating in at least 150 min/week of moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity were recruited to participate. Participants visited the lab on three occasions, separated by at least 24 hours, and completed a standardized warm-up protocol. Participants then were assigned to sit in a chair, stand still in one place, or complete a standardized re-warm up during a 20 minute period; order of the sessions was counterbalanced. During each session, participants completed two trials of a pro-agility test involving sprinting with direction change, and two trials of a semi-circle drill where participants responded to 15 repetitions of sensors, placed in a semi-circle, as quickly as possible. There were no significant differences in reaction time during semi-circle drill (0.84±0.11 vs 0.77±0.15 vs 0.78±0.12 seconds) or pro-agility sprint time (5.36±0.61 vs 5.43±0.74 vs 5.35±0.46 seconds) for sit, stand, and re-warm up respectively, p<0.05. These data suggest that that neither standing nor re-warming during 20 min of rest improves agility or change of direction.

How do spring scrimmages and fall scrimmages compare to real games?

Presenter(s):  Luke Harms, Tre Henry, Brent Taylor
Mentor(s): Courteney Benjamin
Session: 1
Poster #: F2 

Abstract:  Football is a year-round sport that requires months of training and preparation for athletes to perform at their highest level. Many teams will have several intrasquad scrimmages to help prepare for the games against real opponents. Football scrimmages are intended to simulate real game situations to imitate intensity, speed, and total distance as they are in actual games. This study seeks to determine how spring and fall scrimmages compare to real games with respect to speed, intensity, and total distance traveled related to the specifics of each position group (Defensive Backs, Line Backers, Defensive Linemen, Wide Receivers, Offensive Linemen, Running Backs, Tight Ends) . We hypothesize that physical performance data will be lower during scrimmages compared to actual games for all position groups. We also think that offensive positions will more accurately represent game scenarios than defensive positions but neither will perfectly compare to a game. Our study will analyze data collected in previous seasons using a wearable global positioning device (Catapult, Inc.). The Catapult device is worn by all starting players as a vest during both scrimmages and games with the same metrics collected for both. The information from this study will be useful for the coaching staff because they aim to optimize scrimmage times since there are so few opportunities to see the best offense against the best defense. Players would also like to know that the physical load of scrimmage games represents the physical load of actual games.

The Impact of Time of Year on Various Training Variables in Collegiate Female Soccer Athletes

Presenter(s):  Emma Grace Broach, Owen Fulton
Mentor(s): Courtney Benjamin
Session: 1
Poster #: G2 

Abstract:  Over the past 10-15 years, there has been a large increase in the use of wearable technology in team sports. Understanding how physical performance fluctuates throughout different timepoints of the year is critical information for coaches and athletes to optimize performance and prevent overtraining and injury. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine how total distance, heart rate and intensity fluctuate between starters during the pre-season, regular season, post season and spring season. We hypothesize that the distance covered, average heart rate, and overall workload will be highest and more intense during the pre-season compared to other times throughout the year. We also hypothesize that regular season training variables will be higher than post-season and spring season. This data is important because it allows coaches and athletes to track workload over the course of a season and offseason to see the similarities and differences in workload and how to better prepare the athlete in the offseason for a much higher workload demand during the pre-season and regular season. To answer this research question, we will retrospectively analyze data collected by a wearable global positioning device (Polar Team Pro) that was worn by the athletes throughout previous seasons. Variables collected by this system include distance covered, average heart rate, and various measures of intensity. Our research will present a greater understanding of workload for women's soccer by comparing workloads to determine if matching workload in the offseason can better prepare the athlete and prevent injuries during the season.

The Effect on Previous Day Training Load on Sleep in Collegiate Women's Soccer Players

Presenter(s): Madeleine Smith, Adrienne Salemme, Harper McGowan, Amiel Dabney
Mentor(s): Courteney Benjamin
Session: 1
Poster #: H2 

Abstract:  Sleep quality and insufficient sleep in athletes and its effect on performance have been a common point of study. Research suggests that adults get between 7 and 9 hours of sleep and that professional athletes are at a higher risk for sleep deprivation and sleep disorders. Additionally, functionally overreached athletes have a decrease in sleep time and efficiency. In relation to these findings, this study will look at sleep characteristics between off-season, pre-season, regular season, post season, and spring season in collegiate women's soccer players. For this study, we will retrospectively analyze sleep data collected by the Polar Ignite smart watch worn daily by women's soccer players. Polar Ignite uses Sleep Plus Stages to track the amount, quality, and time spent in each sleep stage. This is presented as an easily viewable sleep score which gives insight into how well one slept. At the end of this study, we expect higher sleep quality and longer duration during the off season, lowest sleep quality and shortest duration during the regular season, and significant variability between all other seasons. The results will be valuable to the coaching, strength and conditioning, and sports medicine staff that is working with the collegiate women's soccer team.

Effect of a pre-sleep hydration beverage on hydration the subsequent morning

Presenter(s):  Kaylee Head, Sofia Brown, and Emma Bryant
Mentor(s):  Courteney Benjamin, Mallory Marshall
Session: 1
Poster #: I1

Abstract: Previous studies have found that sodium beverages can be used to increase water retention which, therefore, improves hydration. Proper hydration is important for all people, but it is especially important for aerobic athletes who lose a lot of fluid and electrolytes through sweat. However, a problem arises for aerobic athletes who compete in the morning as they do not have as much time to hydrate compared to athletes who compete in the afternoon. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a nighttime high sodium beverage on sleep quantity and quality and next morning hydration status in a healthy population. Using a randomized, double-blind study design, college-aged females (n = 7) completed two counterbalanced trials. In each trial, participants were provided with either a high sodium beverage (LMNT) or a placebo (Mio). Participants consumed 8 mL/kg of body weight of these beverages 120 minutes before sleep. Participants were limited to 1.0 L of fluid to mimic dehydration often experienced by athletes. A thirst and gastrointestinal questionnaire was completed by the participants prior to sleep and upon wakening. Participants also completed a sleep questionnaire upon wakening. Next morning hydration was assessed through urine color (Ucol) and urine specific gravity (USG). Thirst and gastrointestinal symptoms were not different between trials (p > 0.05). Sleep measures were also not different between trials (p > 0.05). Ucol was not different between the intervention and placebo (5 ± 1 vs 6 ± 1, p = 0.17). USG was not different between trials (1.020 ± 0.006 vs 1.020 ± 0.004, p = 0.36). Data from this study demonstrate that a high sodium rehydration beverage does not alter perceived thirst, gastrointestinal, or sleep measures. This beverage also did not improve hydration measures in these participants.

The Effect of the Use of Catapult GPS Technology on Overall Football Player Practice Performance

Presenter(s):  Zach Brown, Logan Champion, Talia Deaton, Miller Karrh
Mentor(s): Courteney Benjamin
Session: 1
Poster #: J1

Abstract:  Catapult combines the world's most reliable GPS antenna with a range of other sensors like Tri-Axial Accelerometers, Tri-Axial Gyroscopes, and Tri-Axial Magnetometer's. Along with the ability to connect to heart rate sensors to give catapult users the most accurate holistic view on athletic movement. Catapult provides insight on total distance covered, average and top speeds, player and workload, and strain on an individual. Sports teams are utilizing this technology to maximize training efficiency and limit injuries (Theodoropoulos). The purpose of this project is to determine in the 2023 season, how did the weekly averages of training load, top speeds, and total distance traveled progress or regress per position group of each period during practice (starters and second string). Previous research has found that catapult can detect unique workload responses for different drill types, as well as being used to predict where injuries can occur (Mamon, Jr.). Past research has shown when comparing a 10 Hz GPS and 15 Hz GPS chip devices, the 10 Hz catapult was the more reliable and valid. The 10 Hz catapult GPS was valid (p>0.05) and reliable (% TEM + 1.3%) measure of total distance. Catapult makes a unique contribution to this field by allowing the coaches and staff to try and predict where injury risk will be the highest and better prepare the athletes for practices. It will also allow for better planning for each practice and training session during this season. The data collected and analyzed will be from catapult GPS devices worn by the Samford football team.

Comparing the effects of pre-cooling on aerobic performance

Presenter(s):  Ayers Leggett, Harper McGowan, Molli Mcleod
Mentor(s):  Courteney Benjamin, Mallory Marshall
Session: 2
Poster #: A7 

Abstract:  Endurance exercise capacity diminishes under hot environmental conditions, but it has been shown that pre-cooling can be used to decrease the risk of heat-related illnesses and enhance performance. The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of pre-cooling via cold water immersion (CWI) on subsequent aerobic performance in the heat. Aerobically trained females (n=2) participated in this study. In a randomized, counterbalanced study design, participants completed two trials. For one trial, participants sat on a massage table for 30 minutes (CON) and for the CWI trial, participants sat in a water tub between 22-23 C for 30 minutes. Following the intervention, participants completed a standardized warm-up and 5-km time-trial on a non-motorized treadmill. Internal temperature (TINT) was assessed with an ingestible thermistor (BodyCap) and heart rate (HR) was assessed with a chest-strap (Polar Monitor) at the end of the time trial. Time trial performance was not significantly different between CON and CWI (29.65±9.23 vs 25.15±4.21 min, p=0.42, ES=0.90), although there was a large ES. Ending HR was not significantly different between CON and CWI (199±1 vs 196±4 bpm, p=0.50, ES=0.71). Ending TINT was not significantly different between CON and CWI (38.69±0.03 vs 38.40±0.21 C, p=0.34, ES = 1.21), although there was a large effect size. TS was not significantly different between CON and CWI (7.0±0.0 vs 6.5±0.7, p = 0.50, ES = 0.71) RPE was not significantly different between CON and CWI (17±1 vs±17±0, p = 1.0, ES = 0.0). Although there were not statistically significant improvements, due to the large effect sizes in time trial performance and internal body temperature, it is reasonable to conclude that CWI has the potential to improve time trial performance in the heat by lowering internal body temperature.

The Effect of Capsaicin Mouthwash on Resistance Exercise Performance

Presenter(s): Caitlin Bigelow, Miller Karrh, Andrew Bennett
Mentor(s): John Petrella
Session: 2
Poster #: B4

Abstract: Capsaicin supplementation has been shown to increase performance in resistance exercise, but the effects of capsaicin in mouthwash form are unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of capsaicin mouthwash on resistance exercise performance, specifically bench press, in resistance trained males. Resistance trained males ages 18-22 (n=12) were recruited for this study. In a single-blinded within study design, subjects volunteered to participate in three separate visits, each with a different condition: the first visit the subject would complete a 1-RM bench press test, and visits 2 and 3 being either swilling capsaicin or placebo. During the capsaicin and placebo visits, subjects completed 1 set x 2 velocity repetitions, a 5-minute rest period, followed by 3 sets of reps to failure (RTF) separated by 2-minute rest periods each. Each visit was separated by a 48-hour washout period. Results revealed that over sets 1 and 2 of RTF, mean repetitions were not statistically significant between the two groups, while in set 3 of RTF there was a statistically significant difference in the placebo trial compared to the capsaicin trial (p=0.012). However, mean velocity (p=0.299) was not statistically different between the two conditions. Results indicate that capsaicin mouthwash may decrease resistance exercise performance in resistance trained males.

Effect of menstrual cycle phase on dual task performance

Presenter(s): Angel Grissom, Dani Smith, Bethany Forde
Mentor(s):  Mallory Marshall, Courteney Benjamin
Session: 2
Poster #: C4 

Abstract:  Evidence suggests that women experience declines in fine motor task performance as well as slower reaction time during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, as compared to the follicular phase. In addition, data has demonstrated that exercise performance varies throughout the menstrual cycle. However, the effects of menstural cycle phase on ability to dual task, or perform two tasks simultaneously, has not been studied. Thus the purpose of this study was to examine differences in luteal vs follicular phases of the menstrual cycle in cognitive performance, motor task performance, and performance of cognitive and motor tasks simultaneously (i.e. dual tasking). Healthy, active college-age females were recruited to participate via convenience sampling. Stage of menstrual cycle was self-reported, and participants returned 14 days after the first lab visit for a second assessment of their cognitive and motor performance. During each session, participants completed a maximal 3-min rowing test, a word rhyme test where they were provided a word and were asked to name as many possible rhyming words in 45 seconds, and a phonemic fluency test, where they were given a letter and asked to name as many words as possible that begin with the letter. In addition, they performed the maximal row while simultaneously completing both cognitive tasks. There were no significant differences in rowing performance (measured in watts) between phases (p=0.18) or in phonemic fluency (p=0.58). However, rhyming fluency was significantly higher during the luteal phase compared to follicular (p=0.04). When dual tasking, there were no differences between phases for rowing watts (p=0.06) or rhyme fluency (p=0.85), while dual tasking performance was higher during the follicular vs luteal phase for phonemic fluency (p=0.02). Overall these data indicate that menstrual phase affects cognitive but not motor dual tasking.

Effects of a heated environment on maintaining athletic performance after extended rest

Presenter(s): Kelley Topiwala, Grayson Walters, Kate Wonus
Mentor(s):  Mallory Marshall, Courteney Benjamin
Session: 2
Poster #: D2 

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of passive rest in a heated tent versus a normal environment on post-warm-up 10m sprint time and countermovement jump height (CMJ). Physically active (150+ min/week moderate activity) college-age males were recruited via word of mouth to participate in this study; participants visited the laboratory on two occasions. On each visit, participants completed a standardized warm-up lasting approximately 10 minutes and then completed 20 minutes of seated rest in either a room temperature (68-75 degree F) or heated (90-91 degree F) environment. The order of the two sessions was counterbalanced. During both sessions, participants completed two repetitions of a countermovement vertical jump using force plates and two repetitions of a 10-meter sprint. Participants also completed a readiness to sprint scale before and after the rest session. After rest in the hot environment, CMJ was significantly lower compared to normal temperature (0.469±0.036 vs 0.473±0.026 meters, p=0.0108) and sprint time was trended slower (1.903±0.082 vs 1.855±0.095 seconds, p=0.063). Readiness to sprint, evaluated using a visual analog scale ranging 1-10, was significantly higher in the hot vs normal environment (7.13±1.55 vs 6.33±1.37 units, p=0.0103). These data indicate that rest in a heated environment does not attenuate performance declines and in fact worsens it. However, psychological measures of performance readiness are improved after heat, suggesting that psychological measures of performance readiness do not always correspond to measured performance.

The Effects of Gender on Cognitive-Cognitive Dual Tasking

Presenter(s): Morgan Massengale, Keaton Honeycutt
Mentor(s):  Mallory Marshall, Courteney Benjamin
Session: 2
Poster #: D4 

Abstract:  Females have long been stereotyped to dual task better than males. Research has been conducted to evaluate sex differences in dual tasking using cognitive-motor tasks, however, limited research exists examining the impact of sex differences in cognitive-cognitive dual tasking with visual and auditory stimuli. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of biological sex on cognitive-cognitive dual-tasking performance. Healthy college-aged males (n = 8) and females (n = 14) were recruited via word of mouth to complete one lab visit that involved several cognitive tasks in a randomized and counterbalanced order. During the visit, participants completed a familiarization phase, a visual (number recall) task, an auditory (phoneme monitoring) task and dual tasking (both visual and auditory done simultaneously). The number recall task consisted of a series of six numbers that are randomly generated showing on a screen for two seconds followed by six seconds for participants to recall the numbers. The phoneme monitoring task involved listening to a story and being tested over the contents of the story with a quiz. There was no difference in dual-task number recall scores between females and males (95.9 ± 0.1 % vs 97.3 ± 0.1 %, p = 0.65, ES = 0.11). There was also no difference in dual-task phoneme scores between females and males (58.2 ± 11.8 % vs 58.9 ± 25.8 %, p = 0.56, ES = 0.15). In conclusion, these findings indicate that males and females do not perform differently when dual tasking. 

Effects of game start time on basketball performance metrics

Presenter(s): Danielle Smith, Grace Colyar
Mentor(s): Courteney Benjamin
Session: 2
Poster #: E2

Abstract:  Women's college basketball games require teams to travel cross-country to face their opponents, leading to a variety in start times for games. Some games begin as early as 11:00 am, while others begin in early evening, around 6:00 pm. Previous research has demonstrated that game start times can influence performance in a variety of sports due to circadian rhythm variation and individual athlete chronotypes. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze and compare in-game physical performance variables in college female basketball players at different times of day. Specifically, this study aims to look at differences in acceleration and deceleration, distance covered, and training load during games. Kinexon IMU (inertial measurement unit) is a portable technology worn by athletes in their waistband in order to measure physical game data. Using data collected during previous seasons, this study will analyze and compare the impact of differing game start times. We hypothesize that athletes will demonstrate improved performance during afternoon games versus early evening games. The findings presented from this study will impact athletes, coaches, and trainers as they work to best prepare players for competition. Training and travel schedule can be adjusted to better fit the needs of the players according to game start time.

The Effects of Acute Sleep Deprivation on Dual Tasking

Presenter(s): Emma Wasden, Merideth West
Mentor(s):  Mallory Marshall, Courteney Benjamin
Session: 2
Poster #: F3

Abstract:  Acute sleep deprivation has been shown to adversely affect academic performance, memory, and exercise performance. However, no studies have examined how simultaneous performance of a cognitive and physical task (i.e. dual tasking) is affected by a night of limited sleep. Therefore the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a single night of sleep deprivation on dual task performance in college-age females. College-age females were recruited via word-of-mouth to participate in two sessions: one the morning after acute sleep deprivation (>4 hrs sleep) and another after healthy sleep (>7 hrs sleep). The order of the two sessions was counterbalanced. Sleep was confirmed by wear (wrist) of an ActiGraph Link accelerometer which confirmed sleep amount. During each session, participants completed a word memory test where they were shown a list of 75 nouns for 3 minutes and then asked to recall as many words as possible. They also completed a maximal 3-min rowing test where they were asked to row as hard as possible, and finally they completed the word recall and rowing simultaneously, with order of these assessments randomized. Number of words correctly recalled was measured to assess cognitive performance while heart rate (HR), power output (watts), and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) was measured during rowing. The dual task cost ((single task-dual task)/single task x100) was calculated for each variable to determine to what degree participants performed better or worse when dual tasking. There were no significant differences in any variables between single and dual task conditions (p>0.05), nor were there any significant differences in dual task cost for HR, watts, RPE, or words recalled (p>0.05). These data indicate that a single night of sleep deprivation does not adversely affect ability to dual task in college-age females.

Differences in Player Position in Womens Basketball

Presenter(s): Bella Robinson, Kennedy McWilliams, Lauren Weaver
Mentor(s): Courtney Benjamin
Session: 2
Poster #: H1 

Abstract: The use of wearable technology in team sports athletes has seen a substantial increase in recent years. Kinexon is a wearable device that monitors workload levels and overall performance during practices and games through inertial measurement unit technology. It also helps the coaches create practice schedules based on the athletes' data. Limited data has been collected in women's basketball and how physical performance data differs between positions in this sport is unknown. Therefore, this investigation's purpose is to determine how varying position groups impact physical performance metrics during games. We hypothesize that guards and forwards will cover more distance and accelerate faster than centers. Forwards and centers will jump more than guards. We also hope to find that the training load is unique to each position group. Players from the Samford women's basketball team wear this technology for every home game and the system captures each player's accelerations and decelerations, distance covered, and training load. Findings from this investigation can be used by players, coaches, and sports medicine staff to help every athlete reach their maximum potential and continuously grow individually throughout the season. Based on these findings, strength coaches may be able to formulate workouts that are more specific to each position group to create more individualized training plans for these athletes. This work can contribute to women's basketball by allowing player development to be unique to each player and position rather than as a team.

Kinexon Data Collection

Presenter(s): Dominic Ganley, Garrett Staton, Mat Mathison
Mentor(s): Courteney Benjamin
Session: 2
Poster #: I2

Abstract:  Kinexon is a wearable technology that tracks thousands of data analytics during athletic competitions. The purpose for the data analytics is to provide valuable insights into the performance, technique, and biomechanics of athletes. The specific unit is called the "Kinexon Perform IMU" (inertial movement unit), a mobile anchor is set up and tracks the motions of athletes by a sensor worn on the player's hip. This study's purpose is to find out if load demands vary between guards and forwards in the Samford Women's basketball team. This study will specifically be looking at acceleration and deceleration, distance covered, and overall training load. It is expected for guards to have more accelerations and decelerations, and a higher overall training load. Kinexon data will be used to manage upper and lower body demands of players during practices. The data collected will be able to show if there is a disparity of the loads by position. This study provides context to other college basketball programs that are interested in getting the best out of their players in practices by providing objective data that shows the difference in demands by position. This data is important as it can give great insight into the health of the athletes. Trends can be seen from their stats if looked at weekly, and an athlete that seems to be putting out less volume than usual can be asked if there is anything wrong. In addition, athletes have different demands based on their position, so different metrics may have to be looked at to see how they might be doing. This is important to the coaches as they want to keep their athletes healthy and make sure they are not being overtrained, as well as the athletic trainers who are trying to prevent their athletes from getting injured.

Childhood Experiences and Family Relationships

Presenter(s): Rainey Bardolf
Mentor(s): Jonathan Davis
Session: 1
Poster #: D6 

Abstract:  This research paper explores the relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), protective and compensatory experiences, and family relationships. I created an anonymous survey and distributed it through social media accounts to collect information regarding individuals' childhood experiences and family relationship. The study used the Brief Family Relationship Scale (BRFS) to measure family relationships and the Protective and Compensatory Experiences (PACEs) Instrument and Adverse Childhood Experiences- International Questionnaire (ACE) to measure childhood experiences. My results showed a strong correlation between the negative childhood experiences and family relationships (r=-.334, p=.001). Similarly, the results showed a strong correlation between positive childhood experiences and family relationships (r=.236, p=.001). The paper concludes with implications for families and policymakers, acknowledging the limitations of the study and proposing avenues for future research to enhance our understanding of these complex dynamics.

A comparison of the adopted child-parent relationship and residential child-parent relationship

Presenter(s):  Deena Willcox, Meredith Wicktom
Mentor(s): Jonathan Davis
Session: 2
Poster #: G2 

Abstract:  Research shows that one family member's needs affect the entire family system. The bi-directionality between family members and the family systems theory can be applied within the context of adoption. This study hypothesized that a correlation exists between adoption status, parent-child relationship satisfaction, and family functioning. This research aimed to explore the nuances of the parent-child relationship and family functioning by examining differences between adopted and residential child-parent dyads. Using the Child-Parent Relationship Scale and the Family APGAR Questionnaire, we assessed relationship satisfaction and family dynamics among participants recruited through Instagram and in-person interactions at Samford University. Among our 178 respondents, 8 (5%) reported being adopted, and 20 (12%) had adopted siblings. Results revealed no significant differences in relationship satisfaction between adopted and non-adopted parent-child dyads. A weak positive correlation emerged between adoption status and family functioning (r = 0.169, p = 0.025). Adopted respondents indicated moderately functioning families compared to non-adopted respondents, whose families exhibited higher functioning levels on average. The lack of a significant correlation exhibits the idea of equifinality, meaning a person's origin does not dictate their path of life. Further analysis found a significant negative correlation between conflict and closeness within the parent-child relationship (r = -0.500, p < 0.001). Despite this, no strong correlations were detected between adoption status and conflict or closeness levels. Additionally, no substantial associations were observed between having adopted siblings and relationship dynamics or family functioning. While our findings did not support our initial hypothesis, they shed light on the influence of adoption status on family functioning and emphasize the need for further exploration to better understand adoption and family dynamics.

It All Comes Down to a Piece of Paper: An Argument for Extending Transition Services Through Diploma Deferral for Students with Disabilities

Presenter(s): Jacob Powell
Mentor(s): Chinelo Dike-Minor
Session: 2
Poster #: H3 

Abstract: According to a U.S. Department of Labor survey report from February 2024, more than 65 percent of people without a disability were actively employed last year. Across the board people without a disability enjoy better postsecondary educational outcomes in college and in the workforce, highlighting the vast disparity that exists between the two populations. In an effort to improve postsecondary educational outcomes for students with disabilities, Congress passed the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act ("IDEA") in 1975. Today, more than 7 million students in the U.S. public education system benefit from special education services provided by the IDEA. Those services, which are documented in a student's individualized education program ("IEP"), include the creation and implementation of postsecondary transition plans. Transition plans or services are intended to prepare a student for life after graduation, including full-time employment, college, a vocational rehabilitation program, or independent living. The termination of special education services may be triggered by the student's age or through the awarding of a diploma. Courts are, however, split on whether a student can refuse his or her diploma and continue receiving transition services until the student's age triggers the termination of benefits. This paper explores existing case law to determine whether transition services can be extended by a student's refusal of a diploma. In doing so, this paper underscores the dangers of a premature termination of transition services that should otherwise be provided by the IDEA. Finally, this paper will argue that the IDEA guarantees a student with a disability the implicit right to defer a diploma and extend his or her entitlement to services.

Las Presidentas: Las Primeras Presidentas Electas de America Latina

Presenter(s): Lillie Inman
Mentor(s): Joanna Bradley
Session: 1
Poster #: F3 

Abstract: Elected female presidents have only emerged in Latin America's complex political scene within the past 20 years. Chile, Argentina, Costa Rica, and Brazil became the first four Latin American countries to elect females into the office of president. This development provides fascinating insight into the social and political evolution of Latin American countries and provides key examples of female presidencies to countries like the United States of America that have never voted a woman into the presidency. This project highlights the distinction between previous female leaders in Latin America who were not elected into power and elected female presidents, the biographical information of the first four elected female presidents in Latin America, and the impact of these presidents in Latin America and the world.

Statistical Analytics and Predictive Modeling in Firearms Retail: Insights from Gun Sale Data

Presenter(s):  Dylan Lee, Robbie Hedden, Sam Johnson, Drew Middleton
Mentor(s): Mingwei Sun
Session: 1
Poster #: G3

Abstract:  This study analyzes a comprehensive dataset from a firearms sale store to predict profit margins and identify disposal trends through statistical analysis and predictive modeling. We cleaned the dataset, addressing missing values and irrelevant variables, before applying LASSO regression for feature selection and profit prediction. This method highlighted key factors influencing profit and ensured model robustness by preventing overfitting. The research also explored disposal trends, revealing patterns and seasonality in firearm disposals. Our findings offer actionable insights for optimizing profit and inventory management in the firearms retail sector, demonstrating the utility of advanced statistical techniques in retail data analysis.

Enhancement of Biocontrol via Predator Interference and Additional Food

Presenter(s): Kendall Bearden
Mentor(s): Kwadwo Antwi-Fordjour
Session: 2
Poster #: A8 

Abstract:  In this research, we will present and analyze a predator-prey model in which the predator population is provided with an additional food source and exhibits mutual interference. The presence of additional food for the predator population is intended as a means of biocontrol; the supplementary food source strengthens the predator population, enabling them to better consume and control the original prey population. Furthermore, we will consider the mutual interference as defined by Hassell in his 1971 paper published by the British Ecological Society. Herein, the mutual interference describes the interactions between members of the predator species that occur as the predators search for food. Such encounters detract from the amount of time predators spend searching for and consuming prey, and the phenomenon may serve to stabilize the populations. We will show some mathematical preliminaries such as positivity and boundedness. Additionally, we will also show the existence of some biologically significant equilibrium points and determine the stability of each. Finally, we will reinforce our analytical results with numerical simulations.

Supporting Neurodiversity in the Classroom

Presenter(s):  Caroline Carden, Kennedy Brock, Scarritt Purdy, Emma Nolte, Abby Gayda, and Natalee Emerson
Mentor(s):  Cindy Berry, Alyssa Snyder
Session: 1
Poster #: A4 

Abstract:  Neurodivergent learning and the transition to college in undergraduate students is not a thoroughly studied topic. This project seeks to demonstrate the importance of additional research on this topic. The PICOT question for this quality improvement project is: In college students (P), how does neurotypical learning (I) compare to neurodivergent learning (C) influence anxiety (O) during the transition to college (T). The literature review done for this project emphasizes the importance of academic coaching, accommodations, and counseling services for neurodivergent learners during their transition to college. The plan-do-study-act (PDSA) quality improvement model was chosen for this project. Previous studies suggest that once students understand the positive impact of coaching, accommodations, and counseling services, they are more likely to incorporate them into their academic studies and collegiate social circumstances. The outcome of this project reinforces the idea that neurodivergent learners who choose to incorporate coaching, accommodations, and or counseling into their transition to college experience less anxiety and are more likely to succeed than those choosing not to seek additional assistance.

Barriers to Video Laryngoscopy in Low-Middle Income Countries

Presenter(s): Mason Easterling
Mentor(s):  Mary Beth Greenway
Session: 1
Poster #: B4 

Abstract:  Video laryngoscopy (VL) was introduced into western healthcare practice in 2001 and has since become essential for safely and efficiently managing difficult airways. However, not all countries have access to this technology. Many low-middle-income countries (LMICs) face barriers, such as limited financial resources and education, preventing them from accessing VL technology. Recently, during a surgical mission to Guatemala, these barriers were overcome with the use of a 3D printed VL scope called the AirAngel blade at a rural clinic. This device effectively managed the airway of a patient with characteristics suggestive of a difficult airway. This experience raised the question: Can a 3D printed video laryngoscope, like the AirAngel Blade, effectively and safely address the VL needs of patients with suspected difficult airways in LMICs? Video laryngoscopy increases the likelihood of successful intubation, reduces intubation time, and minimizes complications associated with managing difficult airways. However, this technology is often unavailable in LMICs due to barriers such as cost and lack of education. Consequently, research consistently shows a higher rate of airway complications in LMICs. Although conventional VL scopes are costly, research suggests that 3D printed technology can significantly reduce associated expenses. However, for innovative technologies to become standard of care, effective education strategies for a country's anesthesia providers are necessary. The initial steps toward implementing this evidence involve partnering with clinics in LMICs. Through such partnerships, Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists (CRNAs) can assess whether integrating the AirAngel blade would benefit the facility. Ideally, education strategies should be conducted by CRNAs native to or otherwise uniquely connected to the LMIC.

Positively Impacting the Level of Compassion Fatigue in Nurses Through the Implementation of a Self-Care Cart on a Medical Surgical Unit

Presenter(s): Victoria Jordan-Smith
Mentor(s):  Sherri Chatman, Kristen Johnston
Session: 1
Poster #: C4

Abstract: Purpose: The purpose of this Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) project is to positively impact the level of compassion fatigue (CF) in nurses on a medical surgical unit through the implementation of a self-care cart and education. Implications/ Contribution: CF is defined as a "state in which the compassionate energy that has been expended has surpassed restorative capabilities". CF may impact a nurse physically, psychologically, and/or emotionally. All of these symptoms may impact not only the nurse, but their professional relationships with co-workers and clients, and personal relationships. In the hospital setting, compassion fatigue may have an impact on patient safety as well as patient satisfaction. Addressing CF may positively affect unit morale and nursing retention, this may lead to better patient outcomes. Methods: The target population for this project are licensed nurses working on a medical surgical unit at a local urban hospital. The intervention will be a self-care cart. The purpose of the cart is to offer self-care activities, as well as self-care reminders, and snacks for the staff on the assigned unit. The cart will be offered on all shifts: days, nights, and Baylor (weekend) multiple times during the intervention period. In addition to the self-care cart, a display board will be developed to be placed in the employee breakroom. This board will have wellness tips as well as information about wellness resources. The Professional Quality of Life Scale: Compassion Satisfaction and Compassion Fatigue Version 5 (ProQOL-V) survey will be administered to licensed nursing staff prior to the intervention and after the intervention. The ProQOL-V is a 30-question self-assessment used to evaluate levels of compassion fatigue, burnout, and compassion satisfaction. Results: The pre-implementation scores have been entered into the spreadsheet, awaiting the post-implementation scores to report final results. These results will be included in the final project.

The Relationship between Undergraduate College Students and Sleep Hygiene Education on Academic Performance

Presenter(s): Arf Bhaidani, Molly Boggs, Ella Collins, Julia LaRoche, Annie Roth, and Grace Schultheis
Mentor(s): Amanda Barron
Session: 2
Poster #: A3 

Abstract:  Concepts of Fitness and Health will take a presurvey evaluating their daily sleep practices leading up to tests, the average sleep hours they get a night, and their bedtime routine. Following the survey, an educational intervention centered around the correlation between sleep and memory retention will occur. Next, students will participate in a semester long assignment totaling how many hours of sleep the student gets each night and their grades for the week. Interactive workshops and seminars will be included in the class lectures to further the knowledge of students on this issue. At the end of the semester, another survey will be conducted to evaluate whether the material taught impacted their sleep habits and had a positive effect on academic performance. Through evaluation of the data concluded from the survey, we will assess the impact of the sleep hygiene education program on student exam scores, class attendance rates, grade point average (GPA), and self-reported measures of sleep quality and habits. The survey results will inform us of whether the quality improvement project positively affects undergraduate Samford students. If the results do not show improvement, barriers and areas of possible change will need to be identified. If the results show a positive impact within the population, a further PDSA model will be designed to reach a broad population to create awareness on the importance of sleep and its impact on overall wellbeing.

Citizen Science in One Health: Utilizing iNaturalist and Dashboards for Public Health Surveillance

Presenter(s):  Ginger Dixon Underwood, Darci Champion, Kaylee Stanfield
Mentor(s): Rachel Casiday-Bailey
Session: 2
Poster #: B8

Abstract:  The principle of One Health is an integrated approach to sustaining health in people, animals, and the environment. Interdisciplinary work between ecology and epidemiology can help overcome challenges in public health to understand and develop predictions of animal host and vector patterns and therefore make more public health interventions. The inclusion of environmental and human factors such as climate, habitats, and human interactions can lend valuable information that is often missing from surveillance data. This problem is in line with the Healthy People 2030 Emergency Preparedness/Global Health focus area "Increase laboratory diagnostic testing capacity, surveillance, and reporting globally" GH-D03. Citizen science is a process where large amounts of data can be collected over time by engaging the public, both individuals and entities, to gather and submit information regarding species distribution, animal sightings, wildlife illnesses, and environmental factors. Citizen science carries an added benefit of helping participants learn more about the scientific process, the organisms or data that they are studying, and how that information is applied in decision-making. Public facing data dissemination also allows the citizen scientists to readily see the impact of their work. Publicly collected data circumvents some of the challenges of data confidentiality and data-sharing that privately collected information carries. Citizen collected data meeting research quality specifications on local Arizona animal and plant species were obtained from iNaturalist. Species that were relevant pathogen hosts or keystone species were identified through literature. A dashboard visualizing geospatial and time series trends was created, along with education for public health organizations on how to create and utilize similar tools.

Blue Light: Unveiling the Dark Side of Screens on College Students and Illuminating Solutions to Mitigate Adverse Effects

Presenter(s):  Harrison Siegel, Emma Ward, Mary King, Julia Goncalves De Oliveira, Katelyn Polak, Autumn Turner
Mentor(s): Lora Shelton
Session: 2
Poster #: C8

Abstract:  Blue light devices have become ubiquitous in higher learning environments, prompting the discussion of the potential drawbacks of constant exposure to blue light. Based on this concern, a PICOT question was developed to explore this topic: "In undergraduate students at Samford (P), what is the effect of minimizing blue light exposure with glasses, screen dimming, or schedule exposure (I) versus unlimited blue light (C) exposure on sleep and eye health (O)?". Based on the current literature, blue light negatively affects the circadian rhythm when exposure occurs too close to bedtime and disrupts saccadic eye movements. However, current research is inconclusive regarding the efficacy of blue light glasses and long-term implications of extended blue light exposure on eye health. For undergraduate students, these implications are particularly salient for adequate performance in the classroom and overall sleep quality. As blue light use is nearly unavoidable in the classroom, this project will contribute to the existing literature regarding the efficacy of blue light glasses and the feasibility of protective measures for student's sleep and eye health. A Quality Improvement project using the Plan, Do, Study, Act model was developed to ensure students have the knowledge they need to protect themselves from the adverse effects of blue light. Implementation of this framework will include targeting high risk students in the library during finals week with educational pamphlets, blue light glasses, and a pre-survey and post-survey to assess the effectiveness of the proposed interventions. This model will target and mitigate a few of the common ailments experienced by most college students to contribute to a healthier learning environment in higher education

Emotional Intelligence in Undergraduate Nursing Students

Presenter(s):  Madison Green, Grace Kissel, Maicey Lane, Mary Andrew Riddle, Gabrielle Voyles, and Miranda Wyatt
Mentor(s): Megan Mileski
Session: 2
Poster #: D8

Abstract:  Emotional intelligence can be defined as the ability to manage one's own emotions and understand the emotions of those around them. This is vital to not only success during nursing school, but also success in nursing practice. The PICO question that guides this research is: In undergraduate nursing students (P), does participating in emotional intelligence courses (I) compared to not participating (C) improve emotional intelligence and feelings of preparedness for the nursing profession (O)? Various studies support the idea that emotional intelligence training included in undergraduate courses leads to increased feelings of confidence, reduced anxiety, improved problem-solving abilities, and raised self-esteem levels. Through the FADE method of quality improvement, we developed a plan that Samford Nursing can use to implement emotional intelligence education and training into its curriculum by adding case studies, lectures, clinical reflections, small groups, and more. Throughout our research, we discovered an app called "How We Feel" that would allow students to perform daily "check-ins" on their emotions and report why they feel that way by utilizing a mood meter. The app helps students track their emotions over time and provides thoughtful reflections on their emotions that further guide EI training. Our goal in implementing these ideas into Samford's Nursing curriculum is to provide the training and emotional support nursing students and future nurses so desperately need. The purpose of implementing these courses into the nursing curriculum is to allow for a smoother clinical transition during nursing school for new graduates as they enter into their practice.

Incidence of Pediatric Cannabis Exposure Among Children and Teenagers Aged 0 to 19 Years Before and After the Hemp Farming Act of 2018 in Alabama

Presenter(s): Sarah Skaggs
Mentor(s): Erika Cretton-Scott
Session: 1
Poster #: A5

Abstract:  The overall incidence of pediatric exposure rates has increased in Colorado, Washington State, and Massachusetts after the passing of policies and regulations. Data from other US states is limited and should be addressed. To appropriately document and assess the incidence of pediatric cannabis-related cases reported to the Alabama Poison Information Center (APIC) before and after the passing of the Hemp Farming Act of 2018 (2018 Farm Bill). This retrospective, observational cross-sectional study included patient cases reported to the Alabama Poison Information Center between January 1, 2014, to December 31, 2022, centering around the 2018 Farm Bill. The exposure cases included 868 children and teenagers 0 to 19 years old. Cannabis-related products using the National Poison Data System codes. Incidence of APIC-reported cannabis-related exposure cases, including single- and poly-substances. The patient's age, sex, route of exposure, type, clinical effect, and medical outcome were assessed. The Alabama Poison Information Center received 868 calls involving cannabis-related exposure during the 8-year study period (2014-2022). The calls included children and teenagers 0 to 19 years old with single- and polysubstance exposures (675 single-substance, 192 polysubstance) representing 0.28% of all APIC calls in that age group and time frame. In Alabama, the incidence of pediatric single-substance cannabis cases and the proportion of all pediatric cannabis-related calls to the Alabama Poison Information Center more than doubled after the passing of the 2018 Farm Bill. Continued efforts are needed to help keep cannabis away from pediatric patients to ensure improper ingestion is eliminated. As products become more widely available, it is imperative to address the increased toxicities to pediatric patients related to cannabis products.

Beyond Memory: Harnessing the Antioxidant Power of a Natural Compound to Combat Alzheimer's Disease

Presenter(s): Kruti Patel
Mentor(s): Gregory Gorman, Patricia Jumbo-Lucioni
Session: 1
Poster #: B5 

Abstract:  Presently, a cure for Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains elusive. Extensive oxidative damage is a contributing factor in AD progression. Plant-based antioxidants such as tannins have shown therapeutic potential in AD. A hydrolysable tannin, 1,2,3,4,6-Penta-O-Galloyl-beta-D-Glucose (beta-PGG), has demonstrated potent antioxidative properties in vitro, but in vivo evidence is limited. Our lab previously showed that 10µM beta-PGG mitigates locomotion deficits in a fruit fly AD model. This study aims to establish the antioxidant protection conferred by beta-PGG in our AD model. Fruit flies overexpressing the human amyloid precursor protein and the beta-site APP-cleaving enzyme in neuronal tissue were used as AD model. Flies expressing the neuronal driver alone were used as controls. Virgin flies were randomized to receive 0 or 10µM beta-PGG for 14 days. On day 15, flies were exposed to either 20mM paraquat (PQ) dissolved in sucrose or sucrose alone for 48 hours. The number of surviving flies was recorded at 24 and 48 hours. Data were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA to assess the effects of genotype, treatment, and their interaction. Male survival was negatively impacted by PQ exposure, but this effect was not the same across all cohorts. At 24 and 48 hours, we detected a significant decrease in survival among control males exposed to PQ compared to non-PQ controls (p<0.0001). beta-PGG supplementation did not mitigate this survival loss. In contrast, beta-PGG-supplemented AD males displayed a survival advantage after exposure to PQ. At 24 hours, beta-PGG-supplemented AD males showed a ~2-fold increased survival to PQ compared to beta-PGG-supplemented controls (p<0.0001). At 48 hours, beta-PGG-supplemented AD males exhibited a survival rate ~3.8 times higher than supplemented controls (p=0.0167) and ~13 times higher than non-supplemented AD males (p=0.0184). Our findings provide strong evidence that beta-PGG supplementation mitigates the impact of oxidative stress on survival in our pre-clinical AD model

Unveiling the Influence of Lactobacillus plantarum and Its Byproducts on Mobility in a Fruit Fly Model of Alzheimer's Disease

Presenter(s): Yousef Addassi
Mentor(s):  Patricia Jumbo-Lucioni, Brad Bennett
Session: 1
Poster #: C5 

Abstract:  Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder inducing significant mobility and memory deficits. Gut microbiota disruptions have been suggested as important contributors to AD pathogenesis . Thus, Lactobacillus-based probiotics have been shown to improve symptomatology in neurodegenerative diseases. Lactobacillus-derived postbiotics, the soluble factors secreted by live bacteria during growth, confer the health benefits associated with probiotics, but evidence of effectiveness of postbiotics in AD is limited. Here, we will determine the ability of Lactobacillus-based probiotics and postbiotics into improve mobility deficits in a fly model of AD. Fruit flies overexpressing the human amyloid beta precursor protein and the human beta-site APP cleaving enzyme in neurons were used as AD models. We cultured Lactobacillus plantarum (Lp) at a concentration of 1.0 x 109 CFU/µL and collected the postbiotics through centrifugation. Probiotic and postbiotic preparations were diluted in 5% sucrose in a 1:2 ratio. Virgin flies were randomized to receive Lp, Lp postbiotic, or sucrose through capillary feeding in four 24-hour treatments over two weeks. Food intake was recorded per genotype, sex, and treatment cohorts. Locomotion was assessed through a negative geotaxis assay. We tapped groups of 10-15 flies to the bottom of each vial and recorded the number of flies that crossed an 8 cm mark in 10 seconds. Data was analyzed through a general linear model to test the main effects of genotype, treatment, and their interaction. Preliminary data suggest that the intervention tended to affect feeding behavior. Flies fed Lp tended to eat less (4.37 ± 0.21) than flies given postbiotics (4.95 ± 0.20) or sucrose (5.11 ± 0.24). In summary, our preliminary data collected suggest that Lp-derived postbiotic preparation is palatable which facilitates administration. Locomotion assays are currently underway to determine the effect of interventions on mobility performance.

Impact of CFTR Correctors on the Channel Activity of Rescued F508del CFTR in Airway Epithelial Cells

Presenter(s): Zachary Hagedorn
Mentor(s): Xiaodong Robert Wang
Session: 2
Poster #: B3 

Abstract:  Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by the functional deficiency of a cAMP-activated anion channel known as the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). Over 90% of CF patients carry at least one copy of the F508del CFTR gene. The F508del mutation causes a global conformational change that prevents the nascent protein from reaching the cell surface and functioning as an anion channel. CFTR correctors have been developed to bind to F508del CFTR, change its conformation, and mobilize it to the cell surface. Rescued F508del CFTR (rF508del) does not fully regain channel activity. Lumacaftor (Lum) was found to inhibit rF508del channel opening. We aim to evaluate the impact of the other two FDA-approved CFTR correctors, tezacaftor (Tez) and elexacaftor (Elx), on rF508del channel activity. We used an electrode-based iodide efflux assay to evaluate the acute impact of CFTR correctors on the anion channel activity of rF508del in a CF bronchial epithelial cell line expressing F508del CFTR (CFBE-DF) in the acute presence or absence of the corrector at 37¬∞C. F508del maturation was assessed by quantitative immunoblotting. Lum acute exposure at 5¬µM decreases F508del channel activity by 48% (n=3, p=0.04). In contrast, acute exposure to 5¬µM Tez or 2¬µM Elx results in an 8% (n=3, p=0.79) or 17% (n=4, p=0.54) increase in mean channel activity, respectively. We conclude that unlike Lum, Tez and Elx do not inhibit the channel activity of rF508del CFTR in CFBE-DF cells. A better understanding of the impact of CFTR correctors on the channel activity of rF508del CFTR will inform the development of highly efficacious CFTR modulator combinations for the treatment of CF patients. This work is supported by NIH (5P30DK072482), Samford University, and the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation.

Unveiling Insights: A Scoping Review on the Application of the Protection Motivation Theory in Understanding COVID-19 Preventive Health Behaviors

Presenter(s): Banks Presson
Mentor(s):  Georges Adunlin, Christson Adedoyin, Andrea Bowens, Courtney N. Haun
Session: 2
Poster #: C3 

Abstract:  Background: The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on health behaviors at the individual, population, and societal levels is substantial. Within this context, the Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) serves as a framework to elucidate the connection between individual factors and engagement in preventative health behaviors related to COVID-19. Objective: This scoping review seeks to explore the application of PMT in the context of COVID-19 and evaluate its efficacy in illuminating and predicting health-related behaviors. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted across three major databases (PubMed, EMBASE, and PsycINFO) to retrieve English-language articles published between January 1st, 2019, and April 13th, 2022. Additionally, a manual search was undertaken to identify studies not captured through database searches. A data extraction form was created to gather information from the retrieved articles, focusing on key characteristics. Results: A total of 31 studies meeting the inclusion criteria were incorporated into this scoping review. Relative to the sudden onset of the pandemic, PMT has been widely and swiftly employed in studies examining factors influencing intentions and preventive behaviors in the context of COVID-19. The majority of the identified studies were cross-sectional surveys published in U.S. journals, concentrating on PMT in connection with social distancing, self-isolation, personal hygiene, and vaccination. Conclusion: This review determined that the PMT is a useful framework to explain preventative health behaviors in connection with COVID-19. However, there is significant variation in the operationalization and reporting of PMT constructs across the reviewed studies. With the relevance of PMT, further research is needed to review its applicability to vaccine hesitancy systematically.

Evaluation of GLP-1RA Injectable Technique in a Small Cohort of Patients

Presenter(s): Justin Williams
Mentor(s):  
Session: 2
Poster #: D3 

Abstract:  This study aimed to assess patient-reported data regarding the storage, preparation, administration, and disposal of prescribed injectable glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) management. A retrospective chart review was conducted on patients from the Cooper Green Mercy Health Services Authority (CGMHSA) pharmacist-run diabetes management clinic, focusing on those prescribed dulaglutide, liraglutide, or semaglutide between May 1, 2023, and September 22, 2023. Patients aged 19 and above with documented pharmacist encounters were included. The primary objective was to evaluate the percentage of patients who appropriately handled their GLP-1RA. Secondary objectives included comparing proper usage among groups with different health literacy levels and diabetes durations. A total of 30 patients were analyzed, with most having a long diabetes duration (73.3%) and a mean age of 56 ±10.4 years. Dulaglutide was the most commonly used GLP-1RA (80%). The majority (60%) had received prior diabetes medication education. Proficient health literacy was prevalent (76.7%). No significant differences were found in GLP-1RA technique between groups based on health literacy or diabetes duration. All patients stored their GLP-1RA appropriately, either refrigerating or maintaining room temperature within acceptable limits. Common errors included failure to clean the injection site and improper medication disposal. Educational interventions on GLP-1RA use should target all patients, irrespective of diabetes duration or health literacy level, as no significant differences were observed in preparation, administration, disposal, and storage techniques between groups.

Co-occurrence of Speech/Language Disorders and Reading/Writing Disorders

Presenter(s): Erin Carland, Anna Rose Honea, Addie Kelly, Hannah Kemp, Audrey Vickers
Mentor(s): Laura Promer
Session: 1
Poster #: A7

Abstract:  This research project analyzes the cooccurrence of speech/language disorders with reading/writing disorders and how this impacts clinicians' approach to therapy. This project utilizes data collected from a private practice clinic, and students used an SPSS statistical analysis software to report both descriptive statistics and Pearson's correlations. With a sample size of 153 students, the data was divided into descriptive factors such as the mean age of identification, gender, retainment rate, and the percentage of students with a diagnosis of ADHD. A Pearson's correlation coefficient was calculated to explore the relationship between students' overall performance on language-based standardized assessments and their performance on reading-based standardized assessments. The specific assessments compared in this analysis are the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals, 5th Ed. (CELF-5) to assess the student's language abilities and the Gray Oral Reading Test, 5th Ed. (GORT-5) to assess reading. Students diagnosed with a reading disorder only performed in the below average range on the GORT-5 but scored within the average performance range on the CELF-5. In contrast, students with a language-based disorder performed in the below average range on both assessments, indicating the correlation and connection between written and spoken language and literacy. The overall results of the Pearson's correlation coefficient demonstrate a significant medium positive association between the two scores of students with a speech/language disorder. The results of this study emphasize the high cooccurrence of speech/language disorders and reading/writing disorders, and it also indicates the importance of incorporating activities that develop language and literacy skills within therapy sessions. Clinicians must be aware of the cooccurrence of these disorders, strive for early identification for better treatment outcomes, and treat both during therapy sessions.

Relationship of Non-Contact Lower Extremity Injuries and Player Load in Football Players

Presenter(s):  Farrah Fowlkes, Lawson Yelverton
Mentor(s): Andrea Bowens
Session: 1
Poster #: B7 

Abstract:  Researchers have identified that athletes of various sports who experience increased workloads are more susceptible to non-contact lower extremity injuries. Due to this concern, sports medicine professionals have implemented new wearable technologies to measure player training loads. Subsequently, Project SAMson was created to enhance athletic performance while reducing injury risks. As part of this project, Samford football players wore Catapult GPS trackers during training activities. Catapult GPS trackers are wearable devices that combine GPS tracking to monitor athlete movements and distances covered with inertial sensors to measure accelerations, forces, rotations, and body orientation. Therefore, this study aims to assess the relationships between fall preseason player load measured with the Catapult GPS data and in-season non-contact lower extremity injuries in Samford football players. Deidentified player data will be exported from Smartabase player management software for the 2021-2023 football seasons. Specifically, we will use descriptive statistics to evaluate the incidence of non-contact lower extremity injuries and median loads by player position. Next, we will assess the relationship between player load and non-contact lower extremity injuries using correlation and regression statistical tests. Although the results are not yet available, we anticipate there will be a meaningful relationship between increased load and occurrence of injury. We may find differences in player loads and injuries between positions, with those that require more explosive movements and directional changes being more susceptible to non-contact lower extremity injuries. These findings will enhance our understanding of how player load during pre-season is associated with the development of non-contact lower extremity injuries during the football season. Furthermore, these findings will provide insight to the Samford sports medicine staff to inform pre-season training activities.

Examining Physician Assistant Student's Knowledge and Experience with Autistic Patients

Presenter(s): Molly Wright, Erin Barnes, Catherine Boyd, Charlotte Spigener, Genevieve Waller
Mentor(s):  Angie Barber, Heather Hallman
Session: 2
Poster #: A6

Abstract: Background: Caregivers can wait as long as 3.5 years for an autism diagnosis after first reporting developmental concerns (Crane et al., 2016). Identifying improved and effective diagnostic processes is essential (Rutherford et al., 2016). Physicians Assistants (PAs) can contribute to early diagnostic teams to help reduce diagnostic delays. However, Rizzolo et al. (2020) found that less than half of PAs report receiving autism education during their education. With training, PAs could assist with screening and identification, referrals to diagnostic specialists such as pediatricians and child psychologists, and the continued medical management of autistic patients which could significantly contribute to the autism field. Objective: To survey PA students regarding their knowledge and clinical experiences with autistic individuals. Methods:12 question survey was distributed to 94 PA students at Samford University. Participants from three cohorts completed the Qualtrics survey which focused on educational and clinical instruction received about autism and typical development. Results: 30% of PA students received 3-6 lectures about atypical development with 70% receiving fewer than 3 lectures. 36% reported having 3-6 lectures on typical development, with 64% having fewer than 3 lectures, and 59% of students reported having no clinical experience working with an autistic patient during pre-service clinical experiences. Exposure to autism is influenced by cohort year. PA students also suggested autism related topics they would prefer to learn more about during their pre-service training. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that this sample of PA students received limited educational and clinical experiences related to identifying, assessing, and treating autistic patients but identify specific topics that would help increase their confidence. These data can be used to suggest educational modules and clinical goals to enhance PA students' role on diagnostic teams.

BEYOND VOICE DISORDERS: A RAPID REVIEW OF THE USE OF BOTULINUM TOXIN INJECTIONS IN SPEECH DISORDERS

Presenter(s):  Haleigh Deskins, Kaitlin Hennessey
Mentor(s):  Kelly Jackson
Session: 2
Poster #: B6

Abstract: While Botox injections are commonly associated with and used as a primary therapy for voice disorders, the purpose of this review was to identify the less common, research-based therapeutic usages of Botox injections for the treatment of speech disorders. Researchers conducted an evidence-based rapid review using the Cochrane Rapid Review Methods. Through a comprehensive search of databases and meticulous screening, eight studies were identified that investigated the efficacy of Botox injections in addressing various speech disorders such as Tracheoesophageal Speech Failure, sialorrhea, oromandibular dystonia (OMD), and facial nerve palsy. Findings from these studies revealed mixed outcomes, with Botox injections showing long-lasting success in facilitating successful Tracheoesophageal speech production but offering only short-term relief for sialorrhea. Additionally, outcomes varied for OMD, with some studies indicating significant improvement in quality-of-life while others reported no significant differences. Addressing facial symmetry in patients with facial nerve palsy was deemed crucial for restoring normal oral functioning and psychological well-being. This study underscores the importance of tailored interventions and the need for further research to optimize treatment approaches for diverse speech impairments. The limitations of the rapid review format are acknowledged, highlighting the need for future research employing more exhaustive search strategies and rigorous methodologies to provide a comprehensive understanding of Botox therapy in speech disorders.

College Survivor Guilt and Self-Handicapping

Presenter(s): Emma Vanzant
Mentor(s): Jack Berry
Session: 1
Poster #: H3 

Abstract:  One challenge that likely confronts first-generation college students, or students from disadvantaged backgrounds, is survivor guilt. This guilt is based on the belief that one's own accomplishment could make loved ones feel bad or "lesser than" by comparison. Some students attending college might experience guilt toward family members or friends who may not have had the chance to pursue higher education and thus miss out on opportunities that such an education might afford. Covarrubias, Romero, & Trivelli (2015) found that first-generation college students are elevated on "family achievement guilt" and this guilt was associated with depression and lower self-esteem. Milligan et al. (2023) developed the College Survivor Guilt Scale, which has separate subscales for survivor guilt to family members and to friends. In the present study, we examined the relationship between college survivor guilt and academic self-handicapping. We hypothesize, that some forms of self-handicapping might be explained as a means of undermining success to avoid survivor guilt by inhibiting achievement-oriented goals that might wound the feelings of less successful loved ones. To test this hypothesis, our study used an anonymous online survey of 53 undergraduate students at a private university (86% Female, 92.5% White/Caucasian, ages from 18-31, M=20.6 yrs). Participants completed the 25-item Self-Handicapping Scale (Rhodewalt, 1990), the 28-item College Survivor Guilt Scale, and questions regarding demographic and background information. In the present study, Cronbach's alpha coefficients for internal consistency reliabilities were .94 for the Family Survivor Guilt subscale, .94 for the Friends Survivor Guilt subscale, and .70 for the Self-Handicapping Scale. The Pearson product-moment correlations between self-handicapping and family survivor guilt, friend survivor guilt, and the total survivor guilt scale were r(51) = .35, .31, and .36, respectively (all p < .05).

The Chatbot Dilemma: Student Attitudes & Usage of Chatbots on Assignments

Presenter(s): Aiden Cooke
Mentor(s): Amanda Howard
Session: 2
Poster #: C6 

Abstract:  Chatbots have gained widespread use in various fields, raising concerns about their impact on academic integrity in university settings. This study explored undergraduate students' use of chatbots on university assignments, perceptions of chatbot usage as cheating, and potential future use of chatbots. Participants were 248 students from a U.S. private university. A mixed-methods approach was used for data analysis. Results showed that 45.1 percent of students reported using chatbots on university assignments, while believing that many of their classmates (55.6 percent) used them regularly. Thematic analysis revealed four main usage themes: Academic Support and Assistance, Concept Understanding and Clarification, Error Checking and Assignment Improvement. Students used chatbots for various purposes, including inquiry-based learning, math assistance, study aids, writing support, and information retrieval. Chatbots also helped with understanding complex concepts, clarifying explanations, error checking, and generating discussion questions. Students emphasized that chatbots were used as support tools and should not replace independent learning. Regarding cheating perception, 78.2 percent of students considered chatbot usage on assignments as cheating. Thematic analysis identified three perspectives: Chatbots as Cheating, Chatbots as Not Cheating, and Acceptable Under Certain Circumstances. Participants expressing concerns viewed chatbot usage as undermining education and ethics, while others saw them as learning tools or sources of inspiration. Some believed acceptability depended on context. The study highlights the need for increased awareness and education on ethical chatbot use in higher education as artificial intelligence will be staying around. Educators, institutions, and developers can use these findings to navigate chatbot integration, promote responsible use, enhance learning experiences, uphold academic integrity, and communicate their usage to students.

Overcoming Vicarious Trauma: Resources Utilized by Law Enforcement Officers

Presenter(s): Caroline Bennett
Mentor(s):  A. Christson Adedoyin
Session: 1
Poster #: C7 

Abstract:  Law Enforcement Officers maintain a career path that exposes them to vicarious trauma, which puts them at risk of impacts on their physical health, mental health, and success of their interpersonal relationships. Given the rising suicide rates in the Law Enforcement population, it is imperative to identify their experiences to locate prevention and intervention methods. This study aims to gain insight to permit clinicians a better understanding of the Law Enforcement population. Through an exploratory qualitative study, semi-structured interviews were conducted with Law Enforcement Officers (n = 7) affiliated with the Birmingham Police Department in Alabama. A thematic analysis was conducted on the findings of officer's motivation for joining Law Enforcement, experience on the force, daily stressors, impact of their daily stressors, coping skills, and experience with mental health or wellness resources. The primary objective analyzed were in regard to their methods of coping in relation to their stated daily stressors. The findings revealed an incongruence in accessibility to coping resources, as the main identified stressor was the lack of time and resources available due to their job. Mental health resources were underutilized, stigmatized, and officers lacked proper mental health training for their personal wellbeing. This study enables clinicians the ability to locate gaps in appropriate resources, advocate for policy changes, and identify appropriate practice that is culturally sensitive to this populations needs.

Diversity Initiatives in Nonprofit Organizations

Presenter(s): Christa Chery
Mentor(s): Christian Adedoyin
Session: 1
Poster #: D7 

Abstract:  Diversity work is becoming increasingly more popular in contemporary America. The use of diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) practices are becoming more common in most businesses, including not-for-profit organizations. Through a content analysis of the websites of the top nonprofits in the United States I sought to learn more about their diversity practices. I found that many nonprofit organizations have limited definitions in their diversity statements that do not include highlighting aspects of diversity outside of gender or race. The most common diversity practices within these organizations include offering Employee Resource Groups (ERGs), hosting diversity trainings for employees, placing a diversity statement in an easily accessible tab on their website, creating resources for employees to use to spark conversations surrounding diversity, and partnering with outside organizations whose mission is to support issues of diversity, equity, inclusion, and access.

Domestic violence training in seminaries: a survey of student confidence and preparedness to address intimate partner violence

Presenter(s): Caroline Jansen
Mentor(s): Lisa Baker
Session: 2
Poster #: D6 

Abstract:  The Center for Disease Control (CDC) estimates as many as 1 in 3 women and 1 in 4 men experience intimate partner violence (IPV), also known as domestic violence (CDC, 2022). It is crucial that we understand IPV in its broader context of community violence and health outcomes. Numerous negative health and economic impacts are linked to IPV including adverse childhood experiences (ACES) for the estimated 1 in 15 children who witness the abuse (National Coalition Against Domestic Violence, 2020). Domestic violence is community violence. Existing research has highlighted the need to provide pastoral IPV education. We need to understand more about how IPV is currently taught in seminary training, and students' current IPV knowledge and preparedness. This study conducted at Beeson Divinity School at Samford University analyzed survey data from 14 seminary students on their knowledge of IPV. The study found a marked difference in seminarian's actual IPV knowledge when compared to their perceived preparedness, or confidence level. In most cases students were more equipped than they thought to address IPV, and this was especially true for male students. Further research is needed to evaluate training strategies and models for building collaborative partnerships. Increased training is needed not only to provide knowledge and skills for addressing IPV, but also raising confidence amongst clergy members in their unique capacity and ability to address IPV in their communities.